Table Of ContentEnergy, Environment, and Sustainability
Shantanu Bhattacharya
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Nripen Chanda
Ashok Pandey
Editors
Ashis Kumar Sen
Environmental,
Chemical and
Medical Sensors
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series editors
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research, Lucknow, India
This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books
focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it
relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the
International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in
these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the
globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in
areas including, but not limited to:
(cid:129) Renewable Energy
(cid:129) Alternative Fuels
(cid:129) Engines and Locomotives
(cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion
(cid:129) Fossil Fuels
(cid:129) Carbon Capture
(cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy
(cid:129) Environmental Pollution
(cid:129) Waste Management
(cid:129) Transportation Sustainability
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901
Shantanu Bhattacharya Avinash Kumar Agarwal
(cid:129)
Nripen Chanda Ashok Pandey
(cid:129)
Ashis Kumar Sen
Editors
Environmental, Chemical
and Medical Sensors
123
Editors
ShantanuBhattacharya Ashok Pandey
Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofBiotechnology
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur CSIR-Indian Institute ofToxicology
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Research
India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India
Avinash KumarAgarwal
Department ofMechanical Engineering AshisKumar Sen
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Department ofMechanical Engineering
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Indian Institute of Technology Madras
India Chennai, Tamil Nadu
India
Nripen Chanda
Micro Systems Technology Laboratory
CSIR-CMERI
Durgapur,West Bengal
India
ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic)
Energy,Environment, andSustainability
ISBN978-981-10-7750-0 ISBN978-981-10-7751-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7751-7
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Preface
Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and
urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy
availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities.
Transportation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the
transportation by millions of personalized and mass transport vehicles and avail-
ability of 24(cid:1)7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary
living standards.
The first international conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental
Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International
Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of
Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from 26 to 28 February
2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014withanaimofspreading
knowledgeinthefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainabilityandcombustion.The
society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable and secure
energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread
knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and awareness about the environmental
challenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvariousactivities
suchasconductingworkshops,seminars,conferencesinthedomainsofitsinterest.
Thesocietyalsorecognizestheoutstandingworkdonebytheyoungscientistsand
engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring those awards under
various categories.
This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists
andengineersfromvariouscountriesincludingIndia,USA,SouthKorea,Norway,
Malaysia and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the
world presented their views relating to different aspects of energy, combustion,
emissions and alternative energy resource for sustainable development and clean
environment through accuratemonitoring andcontrol.The conferencestartedwith
four mini-symposiums on very topical themes, which included (i) New Fuels and
Advanced Engine Combustion, (ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and
Numerical Combustion and (iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road
Transport.Theconferencehad14technicalsessionsoftopicsrelatedtoenergyand
v
vi Preface
environmental sustainability and a panel discussion on 'Challenges, Opportunities
and Directions of Technical Education and Research in the Area of Energy,
Environment and Sustainability' to wrap up the three-day technical extravaganza.
The conference included 2 plenary talks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from
prominent scientists, 49 contributed talks and 120 posters. A total of 234 partici-
pants and speakers attended this three-day conference, which hosted Dr. V. K.
Saraswat,Member,NITIAayog,India,asachiefguest fortheawardceremonyof
ISEES. This conference laid out the road map for technology development,
opportunities and challenges in this technology domain. The technical sessions in
theconferenceincludedAdvancesinICEnginesandFuels;ConversionofBiomass
to Biofuels; Combustion Processes; Renewable Energy: Prospects and
Technologies; Waste to Wealth—Chemicals and Fuels; Energy Conversion
Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Processes; Alternate Fuels for IC
Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of Coal/Biomass; Biomass
Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical Processes; Utilization of
Biofuels; and Environmental Protection and Health Through Sensory Systems for
Monitoring and Control . All these topics have been very relevant for our country
andtheworldinthepresentcontext.ThesocietyisgratefultoProf.AshokPandey
for organizing and hosting this conference, which led to the germination of this
series of monographs, which included 16 books related to different aspects of
energy,environmentandsustainability.Thisisthefirsttimethatsuchavoluminous
and high-quality outcome has been achieved by any society in India from one
conference.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for
submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short
notice. We would like to express our special thanks to Prof. Nripen Chanda, Prof.
Ashis Kumar Sen, Dr. Ankur Gupta, Dr. Rishi Kant, Mr. Pankaj Singh Chauhan,
Prof. Shantanu Bhattacharya, etc., who have reviewed various chapters of this
monograph and provided their valuable suggestions to improve the quality of the
manuscripts. We acknowledge the supportreceived from various funding agencies
and organizations for successfully conducting the first ISEES conference
SEEC-2017, where these monographs germinated. These include Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India (special thanks to Dr. Sanjay
Bajpai);TSI,India(specialthankstoDr.DeepakSharma);Tesscorn,India(special
thankstoSh.Satyanarayana);AVLIndia;Horiba,India;Springer(specialthanksto
Swati Mehershi); CIAB (special thanks to Dr. Sangwan).
Almost all aspects related to environmental monitoring and control heavily rely
on sensory systems which are critical to the maintainability of a good and safe
environment with respect to time. This becomes more relevant and an important
research theme as environment is being continuously challenged by emission and
pollutionfrompowersystems,mobilitysector,industrialsector,medicalsector,etc.
Inshort,whereverthereisanissuerelatedtowastemanagementanddisposability,
the detrimental nature of such waste and their improper management needs to be
sustainably monitored. If not monitored and addressed appropriately, such hazards
may cause severe challenges for the health and well-being of living systems.
Preface vii
Technology emerged in different length scales has today led to the realization of
precise and accurate sensory systems which are easily deployable and rapid in
multitasking. In fact, the state-of-the-art research evolved the sensor domain into
onewhereeventheveryminusculeandtracequantityofananalytealmostuptothe
levelofasinglemoleculewhichmayotherwiseposeanenvironmentalthreatcanbe
monitored through sensitive instrumentation and well-thought-out detection
scheme.
This monograph isintended for researchers related tosensor design, fabrication
anditsvariousapplicationsforthepurposeofhealthandenvironmentmonitoringin
a very large domain. We hope that the book would be of great interest to the
professionals and postgraduate students involved in research related to advanced
sensing techniques, fabrications and experimentation. The main objective of this
monograph is to promote a better and more accurate understanding of sensing
mechanisms and recent progress across all length scales in this domain.
Kanpur, India Shantanu Bhattacharya
Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Durgapur, India Nripen Chanda
Lucknow, India Ashok Pandey
Chennai, India Ashis Kumar Sen
Contents
Part I General
1 Introduction to Environmental, Chemical,
and Medical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Shantanu Bhattacharya, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Nripen Chanda,
Ashok Pandey, Ashis Kumar Sen, Sanjay Kumar
and Poonam Sundriyal
Part II Environmental Sensors
2 Sensors for Air Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rishi Kant and Shantanu Bhattacharya
3 Gold Nanostructure in Sensor Technology: Detection
and Estimation of Chemical Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Peuli Nath, Nivedita Priyadarshni, Soumen Mandal, Preeti Singh,
Ravi Kumar Arun and Nripen Chanda
4 Impedimetric Sensors in Environmental Analysis:
An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Sunil Bhand and Gautam Bacher
Part III Chemical Sensors
5 Inkjet-Printed Sensors on Flexible Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Poonam Sundriyal and Shantanu Bhattacharya
6 Sensing Using Microfluidic Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chetan A. Nayak and H. N. Pradeep
7 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles as Potential Nanosensors . . . . . . 137
Dindyal Mandal, Sourav Mishra and Rohit Kumar Singh
ix
x Contents
Part IV Medical Sensors
8 Fabrication of Nanostructures with Bottom-up Approach
and Their Utility in Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Others . . . . . . 167
Sanjay Kumar, Pulak Bhushan and Shantanu Bhattacharya
9 Miniaturized Sensors and Actuators for Biological Studies
on Small Model Organisms of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Khaled Youssef, Pouriya Bayat, Amir Reza Peimani, Sina Dibaji
and Pouya Rezai
10 Polymeric-Patterned Surface for Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . 227
Namita Jaiswal, Abhiram Hens, Manosree Chatterjee,
Nibedita Mahata, Nagahanumaiah and Nripen Chanda
11 Nanoparticles-Based Diagnostics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Kapil Manoharan, Anubhuti Saha and Shantanu Bhattacharya
12 Designing of a Low-Cost Optical Density Meter for Medical
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Ankit Sharma, Pratyush K. Patnaik, Seemadri Subhadarshini,
Suraj K. Nayak, Sirsendu S. Ray, D. N. Tibarewala and Kunal Pal
13 Flexible Sensors for Biomedical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Ankur Gupta and Pramod Pal
14 Low-cost Paper Analytical Devices for Environmental
and Biomedical Sensing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
H. Manisha, P. D. Priya Shwetha and K. S. Prasad
15 DNA-Based Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Geeta Bhatt and Shantanu Bhattacharya
16 The Microflow Cytometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Ravindra S. Gaikwad and A. K. Sen
17 Microfluidic Sensors for Mechanophenotyping
of Biological Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
A. Raj and A. K. Sen
Author Index.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 409
