Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya

259 Pages·2022·11.152 MB·English

by  Hamdi A. Zurqani

Hamdi A. Zurqani   Editor
Environmental
Applications
of Remote Sensing
and GIS in Libya
Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing
and GIS in Libya
Hamdi A. Zurqani
Editor
Environmental Applications
of Remote Sensing and GIS
in Libya
Editor
HamdiA.Zurqani
UniversityofArkansasAgricultural
ExperimentStation,ArkansasForest
ResourcesCenter,CollegeofForestry,
AgricultureandNaturalResources
UniversityofArkansasatMonticello
Monticello,AR,USA
ISBN978-3-030-97809-9 ISBN978-3-030-97810-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97810-5
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Preface
Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) technologies are well-
established tools and have always generated informative data that have led to
sustainable management. This book focuses on how remote sensing and GIS are
usedtogeneratedataandhowthisinformationcanbeusedinthedecision-making
processtoachievesustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesinLibya.Thetotal
landareaofLibyaisabout180millionhectares,withapopulationofabout6million,
and it is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Libya's climate is
dominantlyinfluencedbyboththeMediterraneanSeainthenorthernregionsandthe
desertinthesouthernregions.Withtheincreasingpressureonnaturalresourcesdue
tothegrowingpopulation,remotesensingandGIScanbeveryusefulintheanalysis
anddeterminationoffactorsthataffecttheutilizationoftheselimitedresourcesinan
efficientandeffectivemanner.Thus,byunderstandingthesefactors,sounddecisions
canbearrivedatthatwillensurethesustainableuseofnaturalresourcestomeetthe
needs of both present and future generations. This book aims to provide adequate
informationabouttheuseofremotesensingandGISapplicationsinthecountry.The
book is comprised of 12 chapters written by distinguished scientists mainly from
Libya and other countries who are interested in the Libyan environment.
Chapter one “Introduction to Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and
GISinLibya”introducesthebook,EnvironmentalApplicationsofRemoteSensing
and GIS in Libya, and summarizes all the chapters presented in it. The second
chapter “Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Cover/Land Use
Mapping And Change Detection Using Google Earth Engine Platform: A Case
Study in Northwestern Libya” presents the use of Google Earth Engine and the
publicarchivedatabaseinitsplatformforcontinuousmonitoringofthespatialand
temporalchangeofthelandcoverthatoccursasaconsequenceoflandusechangein
northwestern Libya. Chapter three “Evaluation of Selected Vegetation Indices to
Assess Rangeland Vegetation in Eastern Libya” evaluates a range of vegetation
indices derived from satellite imagery to identify those approaches best applicable
for remotely assessing and monitoring vegetation cover in the semi-arid and arid
rangelands in the country. Chapter four “Spatiotemporal Analysis of Vegetation
v
vi Preface
HealthIndex(VHI)andDroughtPatternsinLibyaBasedonRemoteSensingTime
Series” presents a spatiotemporal analysis of Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and
drought patterns in Libya based on remote sensing time series. The fifth chapter
(IntegrationofRemotelySensedDataandMachineLearningTechniqueforSpatial
PredictionofSelectedSoilPropertiesinNorthwesternLibya)discussestheintegra-
tionofremotelysenseddataandmachinelearningtechniquesforspatialprediction
of selected soil properties in northwestern Libya. Additionally, Chapter six “Field
andLaboratoryEstimationofSoilErodibility,ErosionandDegradationoftheSemi-
Arid Aljabal Alkhdar Region, Libya” discusses field and laboratory estimation of
soilerodibility,erosion,anddegradationofthesemi-aridAl-JabalAl-Akhdarregion
of the country. Moreover, Chapter seven “DRAINMOD Applications to Design
Drainage Systems in Libya Using Soil Salinity Data Predicted by GIS, Remote
SensingandArtificialNeuralNetworks”employsartificialneuralnetworks(ANNs)
todevelopsoilsalinitypredictionmapstomonitortheinitialandsimulatedsalinity
underdrainedandundrainedconditions.Chaptereight“SurfaceWaterPotentialand
SuitableSitesIdentificationforRWHintheSemi-AridandAridWatershedofWadi
Sammalus, Northeast Libya Using GIS and Remote Sensing Approach” discusses
the use of remote sensing and GIS approaches in assessing the potential surface
water and identifying potential rainwater harvesting (RWH) sites, which are both
criticaltasksforeffectivewaterresourcemanagement.Theninthchapter(Stepwise
Approach for Morphometric Modeling of Wadi Zamzam Watershed in North-
WesternLibyaUsingGISandRemoteSensingTechniques)illustratesastep-by-step
approach to delineate the spatial boundaries of the Wadi Zamzam watershed in
Libya and establish a geographical database of its morphometric, geological, and
climatic characteristics by using global information systems and remote sensing
techniques based on the digital elevation model, the geological map of Libya, and
climatic data. Chapter ten “Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the 2019 Flood
DisasterExtentandImpactintheCityofGhatinSouthwesternLibyaUsingGoogle
Earth Engine and Deep Learning Technique” demonstrates the development of a
framework to identify flood-affected areas after storm impact and map the flooded
areascausedbytheheavyrainfallandthunderstorminthesouthwesternregionofthe
country. Chapter eleven “Oil Pollution Monitoring and Detection Using GIS and
Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study from Libya” provides a high-level
overview of the characteristics and extent of produced oil lakes, which can be
utilizedtoperformfurtherin-depthresearchinthefuturetoenhancetheextentand
volume of even more oil damage assessment. The final chapter (Chapter twelve)
“Conclusions and Recommendations for Environmental Applications of Remote
Sensing and GIS inLibya” summarizes the key research findings inrelationto the
research aims, questions, and discussions for each chapter of the book, and also
providesrecommendationsforfutureresearchintheareaofenvironmentalapplica-
tionsofremotesensingandGISinLibya.Thisbookhasvaluablecontributionsfrom
many distinguished scientists from various universities and institutions in and
outsideofLibya.
Monticello,AR,USA HamdiA.Zurqani
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge Margaret Deignan, senior series editor in chief of
SpringerNature,andallthestaffofSpringerthatkindlyassistedusinourmultiple
queriesduringtheelaborationofthisbook.Specialthanksarealsoduetothemany
reviewers who shall remain anonymous, but who spent hours reading, reviewing,
andprovidingvaluablefeedbacktotheauthors.Iwouldalsoliketothankallauthors
who contributed to this book and whose cooperation made my task as an editor a
pleasure.
Monticello,AR,USA,May2022
HamdiA.Zurqani
UniversityofArkansasAgricultural
ExperimentStation,ArkansasForest
ResourcesCenter,Universityof
ArkansasatMonticello,Monticello,
AR,USA
vii
About This Book
Thisisthefirstbookontheenvironmentalapplicationsofremotesensing(RS)and
geographical information systems (GIS) in Libya published in English. The envi-
ronmentalapplicationsincludemonitoringandmappingsoilsalinityandprediction
ofsoilproperties,monitoringandmappingoflanddegradation,spatiotemporalland
cover/landcover,agriculturalandmeteorologicaldroughtmonitoring,hydrological
applications such as spatial rainfall distribution, surface runoff, geo-morphometric
analysis,hydrologicandhydraulicmodeling,floodhazardmappingandassessment,
pollution hazard assessment, and climate-related geophysical processes. This book
alsoassessestheimpactsofclimatechangeonnaturalresourcesusingbothRSand
GIS,aswellasotherapplications,coveringdifferentpartsofLibya.Theinformation
presented in the chapters of the book includes a collection of maps extracted from
remotelysensed imageryandothergeospatial datasets, aswell astables andstatis-
ticalrelationsderivedfromthefindingsofthestudiesconductedindifferentpartsof
thecountry.ThebookiswrittenbydistinguishedscientistsmainlyfromLibyaand
othercountrieswhoareinterestedintheLibyanenvironment.Thebookistherefore
a useful source of information and knowledge on the Libyan environment for
graduate students, researchers, policy planners, and stakeholders in Libya as well
assimilarregions.
ix
Contents
IntroductiontoEnvironmentalApplicationsofRemoteSensing
andGISinLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
HamdiA.Zurqani
ApplicationofRemoteSensingandGISinLandCover/LandUse
MappingandChangeDetectionUsingGoogleEarthEngine
Platform:ACaseStudyinNorthwesternLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
HamdiA.Zurqani,AbdulsalamAl-Bukhari,andMahmoodB.Shanta
EvaluationofSelectedVegetationIndicestoAssessRangeland
VegetationinEasternLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
AbdulsalamAl-Bukhari,TimBrewer,andStephenHallett
SpatiotemporalAnalysisofVegetationHealthIndex(VHI)
andDroughtPatternsinLibyaBasedonRemote
SensingTimeSeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
KhalidI.ElfadliandHamdiA.Zurqani
IntegrationofRemotelySensedDataandMachineLearning
TechniqueforSpatialPredictionofSelectedSoilProperties
inNorthwesternLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
HamdiA.Zurqani
FieldandLaboratoryEstimationofSoilErodibility,Erosion
andDegradationoftheSemi-AridAljabalAlakhdarRegion,Libya. . . . 97
MuradM.Aburas,AsamaS.Alferjani,andMohammedS.Yousef
DRAINMODApplicationstoDesignDrainageSystemsinLibya
UsingSoilSalinityDataPredictedbyGIS,RemoteSensing
andArtificialNeuralNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
MuradEllafi,HamdiA.Zurqani,LyndaK.Deeks,andRobertW.Simmons
xi
xii Contents
SurfaceWaterPotentialandSuitableSitesIdentification
forRWHintheSemi-AridandAridWatershedofWadi
Sammalus,NortheastLibyaUsingGISandRemote
SensingApproach. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 145
SalahHamadandNilanchalPatel
StepwiseApproachforMorphometricModelingofWadi
ZamzamWatershedinNorth-WesternLibyaUsingGIS
andRemoteSensingTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
AliM.Salim,IbtisamA.Albira,andSafaA.Ebsheer
GeospatialMappingandAnalysisofthe2019FloodDisaster
ExtentandImpactintheCityofGhatinSouthwesternLibya
UsingGoogleEarthEngineandDeepLearningTechnique. . . . . . . . . . 205
HamdiA.Zurqani,AbdulsalamAl-Bukhari,AlsaketO.Aldaikh,
KhalidI.Elfadli,andAliA.Bataw
OilPollutionMonitoringandDetectionUsingGIS
andRemoteSensingTechniques:ACaseStudyfromLibya. . . . . . . . . . 227
KhalifaAbdunaser
ConclusionsandRecommendationsforEnvironmental
ApplicationsofRemoteSensingandGISinLibya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
HamdiA.Zurqani