Environmental and Functional Engineering of Agricultural Buildings

354 Pages·1988·23.89 MB·English

by  H. J. Barre

ENVIRONMENTAL AND
FUNCTIONAL ENGINEERING
OF AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
FUNCTIONAL ENGINEERING
OF AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS
H. J. BARRE
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
L. L. SAMMET
University of California
Berkeley, California
G. L. NELSON
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
An ovi Book
Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
New York
An AVI Book
(A VI is an imprint of Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.)
Copyright © 1988 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-23045
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1445-5
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon
may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic,
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information
storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
115 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10003
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Limited
Molly Millars Lane
Wokingham, Berkshire RGll 2PY, England
Van Nostrand Reinhold
480 La Trobe Street
Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
Macmillan of Canada
Division of Canada Publishing Corporation
164 Commander Boulevard
Agincourt, Ontario MIS 3C7, Canada
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barre, H. 1. (Henry J.), 1905-
Environmental and functional engineering of
agricultural buildings.
"An AVI book."
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Farm buildings-Environmental engineering.
I. Sammet, L. L. (Loy Luther) II. Nelson, G. L.
(Gordon Leon), 1919- III. Title.
TH6057.F35B37 1987 631.2 87-23045
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1445-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1443-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1443-1
Contents
PREFACE / xi
1 HEAT TRANSFER
The Nature of Heat-Units of Measure / 1
Heat Transfer / 3
Conduction / 4
Radiation / 12
Convection / 19
Symbols Used in Chapter 1 / 23
Problems / 24
Bibliography / 26
2 HEAT FLOW THROUGH WALLS
Wall Construction-Heat Conductance / 27
Heat Transmission Coefficients for Walls / 33
Symbols Used in Chapter 2 / 39
Problems / 39
Bibliography / 40
v
vi CONTENTS
3 PSYCHROMETRICS
Air-Water Vapor Mixtures / 41
Symbols Used in Chapter 3 / 57
Problems / 58
Bibliography / 59
4 MOISTURE CONDENSATION IN WALLS
Temperature Gradient / 60
Condensation on Wall Surfaces / 62
Condensation within Walls / 64
Laboratory and Field Observations / 72
Symbols Used in Chapter 4 / 75
Problems / 76
Bibliography / 76
5 ESTIMATING HEATING AND COOLING LOADS
Introduction / 78
Heat Flow through Enclosures / 79
Design Temperatures / 79
Solar Radiation / 81
it /
Total Solar Radiation 84
Building Surface Characteristics (exl fa) / 87
Heat Sources in Buildings / 89
Seasonal Heat Load / 91
Symbols Used in Chapter 5 / 94
Problems / 94
Bibliography / 96
6 REACTIONS OF ANIMALS TO THERMAL AND OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
(by Robert E. Stewart)
Homeostasis / 98
Environmental Parameters / 102
Productive and Physiological Parameters / 103
Heat Production and Dissipation / 103
CONTENTS vii
Some Specific Animal Reactions I 109
Symbols Used in Chapter 6 I 122
Bibliography I 122
7 PRINCIPLES OF CROP AND FOOD PRESERVATION
AND STORAGE
Introduction I 124
Preservation Methods I 134
Problems I 139
Bibliography I 139
8 VENTILATION
Estimating Air Flow Rate / 141
Heat Balances in Ventilation / 144
Ventilation Systems / 153
Natural Ventilation / 159
Forced Ventilation / 161
Symbols Used in Chapter 8 / 165
Problems / 167
Bibliography / 169
9 DRYING AND COOLING STORED CROPS
Introduction / 170
Moisture Content / 171
The Drying Process / 173
Theoretical Analysis / 180
Cooling Stored Products / 191
Symbols Used in Chapter 9 / 194
Problems / 195
Bibliography / 196
10 LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
Introduction / 198
Waste Generation by Livestock / 200
Collecting Livestock Wastes / 206
viii CONTENTS
Storage / 209
Gases and Odors from Wastes / 212
Treatment / 214
Symbols Used in Chapter 10 / 217
Problems / 218
Bibliography / 218
11 DAIRY HOUSING
Introduction / 220
Environment / 221
Sanitation / 225
Space Requirements / 226
Arrangement of Space / 229
Storage / 237
Ventilation / 242
Problems / 246
Bibliography / 247
12 SWINE HOUSING
Basic Considerations / 249
Building Systems / 253
Ventilation / 256
Manure Handling / 262
Bibliography / 262
13 STORAGE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Introduction / 264
Ventilated Storage / 267
Refrigerated Storage / 276
Functional Requirements of Apple Storage / 276
Rate of Cooling / 278
Symbols Used in Chapter 13 / 290
Problems / 290
Bibliography / 291
CONTENTS ix
14 GRAIN STORAGE
Introduction / 293
Conditioning Moist Grains in Storage / 298
Aerating Stored Grain / 304
Grain Storage and Handling Systems / 309
Symbols Used in Chapter 14 / 312
Problems / 312
Bibliography / 313
APPENDIXES / 315
INDEX / 339
Preface
This book has been written as a textbook for students seeking a professional
degree in agricultural engineering. The authors believe that for students with
this objective the course of study should be primarily analytical, rather than
descriptive, and that the analytical approach should apply not only to ideas but
also to quantitative procedures and computations. We recognize that sound
analysis, particularly in applied fields, is based on the understanding of
theoretical principles and on knowledge of many practical considerations. We
have tried to maintain a good balance between the preparation of theory and
practice, but we favor emphasis of theoretical considerations on the basis that
they usually are not mastered except in an organized course of study, whereas
practical knowledge is more easily assimilated.
To present both theory and practice makes heavy demands on class time and
textbook space. For this reason it has been possible to treat in detail only a few
typical environmental systems for livestock housing and storing agricultural
products as a means of illustrating methods of analysis and the application of
principles. It is presumed, however, that such study will prepare the student for
work with other types of structures.
The book was prepared on the assumption that most of the professional
curricula in agricultural engineering require all students to take one course in
environmental engineering of farm structures, although only a small proportion
of students later become specialists in this field. This book therefore may provide
the basis of a five-hour course on the quarter system or a three-hour course on
the semester system. The chapters in the book relate to topics on environmental
and functional requirements, knowledge of which should prove valuable to
agricultural engineers in all fields of specialization. Structural analysis and
xi
xii PREFACE
design of farm structures could be treated in a second course for students electing
to specialize in this area. This book is primarily one on engineering the
environment and its control in agricultural engineering educational programs.
Prerequisite courses are presumed to include engineering mechanics,
thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics. Heat transfer would be helpful but not
essential.
The authors have drawn material from many sources. Every effort has been
made to acknowledge these contributions. We wish most of all to acknowledge
the contribution of the late Mr. Harold E. Pinches, who was responsible for the
conception of this book as one in a series of textbooks in agricultural engineering
and whose effort in arranging its sponsorship has made the writing and
publication possible. The authors are grateful for the contribution of Dr. M. Y.
Hamdy, Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio State University, in
developing the theory and solutions for the analysis of drying and cooling grain.
We also wish to acknowledge the effort by Mr. Edgar L. Barger, Retiree of the
Massey-Ferguson Foundation, in arranging for sponsorship and support of this
book.