Environmental Analysis

343 Pages·2001·18.22 MB·English

by  W. Kleibohmer

Environmental Analysis
HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS
Series Editor: ROGER M. SMITH
In this series:
Vol. 1: Separation Methods in Drug Synthesis and Purification
Edited by K. Valk6
Vol. 2: Forensic Science
Edited by M.J. Bogusz
Vol. 3: Environmental Analysis
Edited by W. Kleib6hmer
HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS - VOLUME 3
Environmental Analysis
Edited by
WOLFGANG KLEIBOHMER
Institut fiir Chemo- und Biosensorik
D-48149 Miinster, Germany
2001
ELSEVIER
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First edition 2001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Environmental analysis / edited by Wolfgang Kleibrhmer.
p. cm -- (Handbook of analytical separations; v. 3)
ISBN 0-444-50021-9
1. Environmental chemistry--Methodology. 2. Chemistry, Analytic--Methodology. 3.
Pollutants--Analysis. I. Kleibrhmer, Wolfgang. II. Series
QD63.$4 H36 2000 vol. 3
[TD193]
660'.2842 s--dc21
[628.5'028'7]
2001046022
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Environmental analysis. - (Handbook of analytical
separations; v. 3)
1. Environmental chemistry 2. Separation (Technology)
I. Kleibrhmer, Wolfgang
577.1'4
ISBN 0444500219
ISBN: 0-444-50021-9
@ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
Editor's preface
This book is not supposed to be an addition to the long list of excellent textbooks
dealing with analytical separation techniques in environmental analysis. The objective
of this work is to give an up-to-date review on both new solutions for well-known, but
still lasting, problems and on solutions for new problems/questions in environmental
analysis.
Therefore the book covers a critical compilation of analytical methods for the de-
termination of a wide range of environmental priority pollutants, including amines,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, PCBs, and also including
organometallic species, polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles and metabolites of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For all environmental pollutants, an overview and
an assessment of value of a broad range of relevant methods including conventional
techniques but also of advanced separation and sample preparation techniques are given,
with all possible matrices being considered.
The book does not only give up-to-date material on sampling and sample pre-treat-
ment, extraction techniques, clean-up, pre-fractionation, different types of chromato-
graphic methods and quality assurance, but also information on actual and upcoming
analytical problems, such as the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocy-
cles and of metabolites of PAH. The final chapter is devoted to the important role of
analytical separation methods in water quality control.
Experienced and well-known authors have contributed their knowledge and expertise
to their individual chapters. I hope this volume will prove helpful, and I would like to
thank all colleagues who accepted to be involved in this project for their enthusiasm
and dedication as well as for their cooperation. Last, but not least, I thank Reina Bolt at
Elsevier Science for her active collaboration and patience during the production of this
book.
Wolfgang Kleib6hmer
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VII
Series editor's preface
This volume on Environmental Analysis is the part of what is growing to be the
Handbook of Analytical Separations. This volume reflects the importance of analytical
separation methods in monitoring and identifying the many compounds of environmental
importance. It includes chapters on the main groups of analytes of interest from PAHs
and PCBs to phenols, sulphur compounds and pesticides. These methods illustrate the
wide range of analytical techniques that have been employed in the measurement of
environmental constituents and different matrices that have been examined.
The Handbook of Analytical Separations will be a comprehensive work, which
is intended to recognise the importance of the wide range of separation methods in
analytical chemistry. Since the first report of chromatography almost a 100 years ago,
separation methods have expanded considerably, both in the number of techniques and
in the breadth of their applications. The objective of the Handbook is to provide a
critical and up-to-date survey, rather than a detailed review, of the analytical separation
methods and techniques used for the determination of analytes across the whole range
of applications. The Handbook will cover the application of analytical separation
methods from partitioning in sample preparation through gas, supercritical and liquid
chromatography to electrically driven separations. The intention is to provide a work
of reference that will provide critical guidance to the different methods that have been
applied for particular analytes, their relative value to the user and their advantages and
pitfalls. The aim is not to be comprehensive but to ensure a full coverage of the field
weighted to reflect the acceptance of each alternative method to the analyst.
The individual self-contained volumes will each encompass a closely related field of
applications and will demonstrate those methods which have found the widest applica-
tions in the area. The emphasis is expected to be on the comparison of published and
established methods which have been employed in the application area rather than the
details of experimental and novel methods. The volumes will also identify future trends
and the potential impact of new technologies and new separation methods. The volumes
will therefore provide up-to-date critical surveys of the roles that analytical separations
play now and in the future in research, development and production, across the wide
range of the fine and heavy chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, health care, food pro-
duction and the environment. It will not be a laboratory guide but a source book of estab-
lished and potential methods based on the literature that can be consulted by the reader.
I am pleased to acknowledge that the value of the Handbook will be dependent
on the volume editors and the contributors that they will bring to each topic. It is
their experience and expertise that will provide the insights into the present and future
development of separation methods.
Roger M. Smith
Series Editor
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IX
Contents
Editor’s Prejace ............................................................ V
Series Editor’s Preface ..................................................... VII
List of Contributors ........................................................ XVII
.
Chapter 1 Gas chromatographic analysis of environmental amines with
selective detectors
H . Kataoka. S . Yamamoto and S . Narimatsu ........... 1
1.1 .................................................... 1
toxicity of environmental amines .................... 1
1.1.2 Selective detection of amines by gas chromatography ............ 5
1.1.3 Objective and scope of this review .............................. 6
1.2 Selective detectors for gas chromatography of amines .................. 7
1.2.1 Thermionic detector ....... 8
1.2.2 Flame photometric detector .............................. 11
1.2.3 Electron-capture detector . . 12
I .2 .4 Chemiluminescence detector ................................... 14
1.2.5 Mass selective detector ........................................ 15
1.3 Applications in environmental amine analysis .......................... 17
1.3.1 Aliphatic amines ..................... .. 19
1.3.2 Aromatic amines .... ............................. 22
1.3.3 N-Nitrosamines ..... ....................................... 24
1.3.4 Heterocyclic amines ........................................... 2.5
1.4 Conclusions .......................................................... 29
1 ..5 References ...................................... 31
.
Chapter 2 Modern techniques for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
H.K. Lee ..................................................... 39
2.1 Introduction .......................................................... 39
2.2 Development of instrumental techniques for PAH analysis ......... 40
2.2.1 Gas chromatography ........ .................. 43
2.2.2 High-performance liqui 45
2.2.2.1 Stationary phases ..... .............. 46
2.2.2.2 Mobile phase 47
2.2.2.3 Detection ............................................ 48
2.2.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography ............................. 50
2.2.4 Capillary electrophoresis ....................................... 51
2.2.4. I Micellar electrokinetic chromatography ............... 52