Table Of ContentEntrepreneurship and Work
in the Gig Economy
The crisis caused by COVID-19 poses a major challenge for the global
economy and business. It has been a test for economic resilience, and
how this crisis will affect business activities will be determined by their
competitiveness. Only firms that have succeeded in reorienting and quickly
adapting to the emerging crisis have continued without interruption in their
operations, thus demonstrating their flexibility and high level of resilience.
Research shows that companies driving the gig economy celebrate
the benefits: flexibility, additional income, freedom and other various
opportunities for workers. They require entrepreneurial digital skills that
improve their competitiveness and benefit not only themselves but the
economy as well. Therefore, digital competencies are becoming a significant
resource and precondition for employment, and it is essential to promote digital
entrepreneurial skills, introducing them into education programs through
different forms of education. This book stresses and explores the importance
of synergy between industry and virtual universities. Considering the
importance of these issues, this book draws together literature on globalization
and small and medium enterprise development and internationalization from
disparate sources into a cohesive body of work, which traces the evolution of
entrepreneurship and our understanding of the topic. It investigates the impact
of digitalization on creating job opportunities in the labor market.
Covering social, economic and psychological approaches to the most
current topics, this book will be a useful framework to new theories and
practices that are emerging to challenge conventional wisdom. It will be
of interest to scholars, upper-level students and researchers involved in the
field of entrepreneurship.
Mirjana Radović-Marković is professor and principal research fellow at
the Institute of Economic Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia.
Borislav Đukanović is professor at the University Donja Gorica, Podgorica,
Montenegro.
Dušan Marković is professor of applied studies at the Belgrade Academy
of Business and Art, Belgrade, Serbia.
Arsen Dragojević is a researcher at Ipsos Strategic Marketing in Belgrade,
Serbia.
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Entrepreneurship and Work in the Gig Economy
The Case of the Western Balkans
Mirjana Radović-Marković, Borislav Đukanović, Dušan Marković and
Arsen Dragojević
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Entrepreneurship and Work
in the Gig Economy
The Case of the Western Balkans
Mirjana Radović-Marković, Borislav
Đukanović, Dušan Marković and
Arsen Dragojević
First published 2021
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 Mirjana Radović-Marković, Borislav Đukanović, Dušan
Marković and Arsen Dragojević
The right of Mirjana Radović-Marković, Borislav Đukanović,
Dušan Marković and Arsen Dragojević to be identified as authors
of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections
77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-0-367-72577-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-72579-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-15540-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgment xv
PART I
Theoretical Perspectives of Globalization 1
1 Global Business Flows 3
MIRJANA RADOVIĆ -MARKOVIĆ
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Basic Concept and Different Dimensions of
Globalization 4
1.2.1 G lobophilia and Globophobia 4
1.3 Conclusion 7
References 8
PART II
Globalization and Entrepreneurship 11
2 Entrepreneurship: Past, Present and Future 13
MIRJANA RADOVIĆ -MARKOVIĆ
2.1 The Development of Entrepreneurship Through
History and Shift of Globalization to a More
Digital Form 13
2.1.1 Motivation Factors When Starting a
Business 17
vi Contents
2.1.2 Global Entrepreneurship Trends 19
2.1.2.1 Global Entrepreneurship Index 20
2.1.2.2 Business Environment 22
2.1.3 Conclusion 23
References 25
PART III
Digital Entrepreneurship 29
3 Enterprise Digital Transformation Toward
Network Virtualization 31
MiRjAnA RADović-MARković
3.1 The Digital Enterprise Concept and Its
Virtualization 31
3.1.1 Introduction 31
3.1.2 Company Networking 32
3.1.3 Employee Agility 33
3.1.3.1 Features of Employee Agility 34
3.1.4 Different Roles of Virtual Teams in the
Realization of the Virtual Companies’
Functions 34
3.1.5 Importance of Communication in Virtual
Enterprises 36
3.1.5.1 Areas of Electronic Communication 37
3.1.6 The Complexity of Putting Together Project
Teams 38
3.2 Conclusion 38
References 38
4 Exploring the Synergistic Potential in Virtual
University and Virtual Enterprise 40
DušAn MARković
4.1 Introduction 40
4.1.1 The Concept of Distance Learning 40
4.1.2 Prospects for the Development of Education via
the Internet 41
Contents vii
4.2 Creative Education as a Strategic Form of
Education 44
4.2.1 Encouraging Individuality in Education 45
4.2.2 Development of an Education Strategy Based
on the Choice of Teaching and Learning 46
4.2.3 The Effects of Educational Strategies to
Encourage Individuality 47
4.2.4 The Impact of Information Technologies on
Education 48
4.3 Integration of a Virtual University and a Virtual
Enterprise 50
4.3.1 Modeling the Integration of a Virtual University
and a Virtual Enterprise 51
4.4 Conclusion 57
References 58
PART IV
Changing Nature of Work in the Digital Era 61
5 The Transformation of Work in a Global Knowledge
Economy 63
MiRjAnA RADović-MARković
5.1 The Impact of Globalization on New Forms of Labor
and Employment 63
5.1.1 Types of Platform Companies 64
5.2 Changed Manager Role 65
5.3 Strengthening Digital Entrepreneurial Skills in
the Western Balkans: Long-Term and Short-Term
Goals 65
5.4 Global Gig Economic Index 66
5.4.1 Representation of the Gig Economy in the
Western Balkans: Case Study of Montenegro 67
5.4.1.1 Research Method 68
5.4.1.2 Key Findings and Discussion 68
5.5 Conclusion 72
References 73
viii Contents
PART V
Organizational and Entrepreneurial Resilience 75
6 Resilience and Entrepreneurship 77
MiRjAnA RADović-MARković
6.1 Organizational Resilience 77
6.1.1 The Modern Concept of Resilience 78
6.2 Resilience and Competitiveness 79
6.3 Regional Resilience in Times of a Pandemic Crisis:
The Case of Montenegro 81
6.3.1 Research Method 82
6.3.1.1 Key Findings and Discussion 82
6.4 Conclusion 88
References 88
7 The Resilient Entrepreneur 90
ARsen DRAgojević
7.1 Entrepreneurial Resilience 90
7.1.1 Methodology 91
7.1.2 Key Findings and Discussion 92
7.2 Conclusion 94
References 95
PARTVI
Economic and Social Impact of Global Ecosystem
on Progress in Montenegro 97
8 Economic Prosperity in the Western Balkans and
Montenegro 99
MiRjAnA RADović-MARković
8.1 The Economic Prospects and Further Prosperity 99
8.2 Economic Prosperity of Montenegro 99
8.2.1 The Legatum Global Prosperity Index 100
8.2.1.1 The Pillars of Montenegro’s Economic
Progress 101
8.3 Conclusion 102
References 103
Contents ix
9 Measuring Quality of Life 105
BoRislAv ĐukAnović AnD ARsen DRAgojević
9.1 The Social Prospects: Quality of Life Indicators
in Montenegro 105
9.1.1 Introduction 105
9.1.2 Theoretical Concept of Research 105
9.1.3 Research Method 109
9.1.4 Key Findings 110
9.1.5 Conclusion 131
9.2 Social Prospects of Montenegro: Indexes 133
9.2.1 Democracy Index 134
9.2.2 Corruption Perception Index 137
9.2.3 Global Health Security Index 138
9.2.4 Social Progress Index 140
9.2.5 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 142
9.2.6 Global Gender Gap Index 144
9.2.7 Human Freedom index 145
9.3 Conclusion 147
References 149
10 Measuring Professional Life 152
BoRislAv ĐukAnović
10.1 Professional Life in Montenegro: Research 152
10.1.1 Research Method 152
10.1.2 Key Findings 153
10.2 Conclusion 156
References 157
About the Authors 158
Index 159
