Entombed Epigraphy and Commemorative Culture in Early Medieval China: A History of Early Muzhiming

429 Pages·2015·6.88 MB·English

by  Timothy M. Davis

 i
EntombedEpigraphyandCommemorativeCultureinEarlyMedievalChina
© koninklijkebrillnv,leiden,2015 | doi10.1163/9789004306424_001
ii 
Studies in the
History of Chinese Texts
Edited by
MartinKern(Princeton University)
RobertE.Hegel(Washington University, St. Louis)
DingXiangWarner(Cornell University)
VOLUME6
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/hct
 iii
Entombed Epigraphy and
Commemorative Culture
in Early Medieval China
A History of Early Muzhiming
By
TimothyM.Davis
LEIDEN|BOSTON
iv 
Coverillustration:RubbingofthemuzhimingforLiuHuaimin劉懷民(410–463).Source:Zhongguo
meishuquanjiweiyuanhui中國美術全集委員會,ed.,Zhongguo meishu quanji, Shufa zhuanke bian vol.
2, Wei Jin Nanbeichao shufa中國美術全集、書法篆刻編2、魏晉南北朝書法(Beijing:Renmin
meishuchubanshe,2006),p.130(no.75).
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Douglas,Brian(BrianE.)
TheeucharistictheologyofEdwardBouveriePusey:sources,context,anddoctrinewithintheOxford
movementandbeyond/byBrianDouglas.
pagescm.--(Anglican-Episcopaltheologyandhistory,ISSN2405-7576;1)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-90-04-30457-4(hardback:alk.paper)--ISBN978-90-04-30459-8(e-book)1.Pusey,E.B.
(EdwardBouverie),1800-1882.2.Lord’sSupper--Historyofdoctrines--19thcentury.3.Oxfordmovement.
I.Title.
BX5199.P9D732015
230’.3092--dc23
2015027420
Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100characterscovering
Latin,ipa,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthehumanities.
Formoreinformation,pleaseseewww.brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn1877-9425
isbn978-90-04-30641-7(hardback)
isbn978-90-04-30642-4(e-book)
Copyright2015byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillHes&DeGraaf,BrillNijhoff,BrillRodopiand
HoteiPublishing.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedinaretrievalsystem,
or transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,
withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillnvprovided
thattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,
Suite 910,Danvers,ma01923,usa.
Feesaresubjecttochange.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
ContentCsontents v
Contents
Acknowledgements viii
List of Abbreviations viii
List of Tables and Figures ix
Introduction 1
WhatareMuzhiming? 4
SimpleRecordsofInterment 8
EntombedSteleInscriptions 12
EarlyStandardMuzhiming:TheCaseofLiuDai 16
EssentialCharacteristicsandDistinctiveFeaturesofMuzhiming 25
TheStructureofThisBook 33
1 The Social Functions of Early Medieval Muzhiming 37
ProminentFamiliesandElitePrestigeduringtheLateHan 38
StatusandPowerinEarlyMedievalChina:AccumulatedMeritand
MarriageAlliances 42
TheEpitaphforMingTanxi:FromPlace-centeredPowertoRelationship-
basedPrestige 50
TheEpitaphforLiuHuaimin:FamilyMemoryandSocialIdentity 61
ThePingyuanLiuFamilyinaLargerHistoricalContext 66
CollectiveMemoryandFamilyHistory 69
GenealogyandMarriageAlliancesintheEpitaphsofLiuHuaiminand
MingTanxi 72
AnecdoteandAllusioninBiographicalNarrative 74
TheCirculationofEpitaphsinManuscriptForm 79
MuzhimingandotherContemporaryBiographicalWriting 88
Conclusion 90
2 The Religious Functions of Entombed Epigraphy 92
TheCanonicallySanctionedInscriptionTradition 92
Zhou Era Bronze Inscriptions 92
The Commemorative Stelae of the First Emperor 100
Mountain Inscriptions and Early Stelae 105
Religion and Memory in the Eastern Han Stelae Tradition 111
“Consecrated Banners” and Coffining Inscriptions 116
Inscribed Coffins 120
Freestanding Coffining Stones and Entombed Stelae 123
vi Contents
TheCommonTraditionofEntombedMortuaryEpigraphy 126
Burial Plot Purchase Contracts 127
Tomb-stabilizing Writs 132
Evidence for the Apotropaic Function of Entombed Epitaphs 136
Tomb Inventory Lists 141
EntombedEpitaphsandtheMeldingofCanonicalandCommonMortuary
Practice 145
Conclusion 150
3 Mortuary Epigraphy Moves Underground 152
ImperialEdictsForbiddingLavishBurial 152
TheUseofRecycledStonesinTombConstruction 159
ThePracticeofInscribingTombStructure 163
Tomb Pillar Inscriptions 164
Bronze Mirror Inscriptions 167
Tomb Lintel Inscriptions 169
The Eastern Han Inscription for Ma Jiang 170
Pictorial Image Stones and Accompanying Inscriptions 173
Entombed Inscriptions from the Cliff-Tombs of Sichuan 177
Inscriptions on Small Bricks Used to Construct Tomb Walls 180
IndependentEntombedInscriptionsandEarlyMuzhiming 187
Freestanding Qin and Han Era Burial Inscriptions for Convict
Laborers 187
Independent Epitaphs from the Jin Dynasty 191
Conclusion 197
4 Entombed Epigraphy in an Era of Political Instability 199
ExcavatedEpitaphsfromtheWesternandEasternJinDynasties 200
BurialAwayfromLineageHomelands 202
TransferBurial 210
JointBurialandAssociateBurial 217
TheLangyeWangFamilyCemeteryintheSouth 223
The Burial of Wang Danhu 223
The Burials of Wang Kangzhi and He Fadeng 226
The Burials of Wang Jianzhi and Liu Meizi 227
PrestigeBurialattheCapital:TheCaseoftheYanciShiFamily 233
Yanci Shi Family History 235
The Entombed Epitaph for Shi Xian 238
The Entombed Epitaph for Shi Ding 244
The Yanci Shi Family Epitaphs in a Larger Historical Context 246
Conclusion 250
Contents vii
5 Historiographical Biography and Commemorative Biography 253
BiographyasArgument 254
OfficialHistoriographyandIdeology:TheCaseoftheJin shu 256
EarlyMedievalCritiquesofCommemorativeBiography 259
ContendingLifeNarrativesofGuoHuai 262
Guo Huai’s Jinshu Biography 263
Guo Huai’s Entombed Stele 268
HistoriographicalandCommemorativePortrayalsofWangJun 273
The Entombed Epitaph Inscription for Hua Fang 275
Nobility Awarded on Questionable Merit 279
Like Father Like Son 280
Kinship, Succession, and Inheritance: Omissions and Emphases 282
The Question of Wang Jun’s Posterity 286
EarlyEntombedEpigraphyduringtheNorthernWei 288
Northern Wei Epitaphs Prior to 494 CE 290
The Entombed Epitaph Inscription for Yuan Zhen 297
Yuan Zhen’s Epitaph in a Larger Historical Context 301
Conclusion 305
6 The Rise of Muzhiming as a Literary Genre 307
TextualMasteryandEliteIdentity 307
MuzhimingamongOtherCommemorativeGenres 314
TheCanonizationofMuzhimingasaCommemorativeForm 320
RenFangandtheRiseoftheEntombedEpitaphInscription 321
Ren Fang’s Muzhiming for the Wife of Liu Huan 324
Epitaphs preserved in Yiwenleiju 329
The Excavated Epitaph for the Prince of Guiyang 332
Ren Fang’s Epitaph for the Prince of Guiyang in a Larger Historical
Context 340
ImperialAuthorshipofMuzhimingduringtheSouthernDynasties 346
Conclusion 351
Conclusion 352
Appendix A: Entombed Epitaphs from the Western Jin and Eastern Jin
Dynasties 359
Appendix B: Northern Wei Entombed Epitaphs Prior to 494 CE 367
Works Cited 370
Index 403
000
viii Contents
2 C25CCICTTCLLLSEE146789CTTTCGAMCTTCICEECHBOECTTMTRCCAEANCCEPS1CTCICMLIIWWIIIWETTPHT3E TmmmnnnnniteiiiirhhnaHnxanshhhhhhhhrioeahhhoOoonhohohHHHoooooonppoefiimssssaoooouutdddoehsxtsfscrrnrneeeeeeeeeetttnnneenlnnnnnnpenppeaatttttrpperAtiNeAAAgtrrrllstllmzzeeteoooaraotcopuppyyceycoccectecttcteceoooookkteeuPtnSSEEPCRCCUPLRCFrhhhxxpvmmmtPPPCimeeeeoudilldclllslllrrraattrnnrssffffiatoTaaaSMEirtppaugeeiuuuuuuiaoaeiiennnnsaeeiniiTTTitiraLundplosiarmmlalddTTnbbbaAAcEnaateCCotbloennnriisinomssssssaurrrctttdeRerEEEiUaeccttgvtehnHiMnlaalluieiieeeiiiRiiigggsssegglgybbtiiooduecaaBaii12onoixxooonoototdeyRRRedttyobbEPAodmdddnnSrydrincyCiiitnnbbpplMWealeefun3uatEnnnconnnadaaisocfaeIABmlluadMggEuagtF456ennddrrhhhPiieeSEEoastOEoRrpuaFneppanttMczreiueesotWpvtiiusstotndrarLiaappbncnaperhesehdihaaaeffNoievvooazrodAigdnrwntmooEdaamiiiemucililtrtiiFaiiltoEohlfTLfnasgtnnrAstlccoieaaanncrryyrddhneazayenMaauroCMncfrroiIiiagaoFatttpcgoldd-oMLhtsuetmlpranIappatgnniEiilOtSlntulrNgoirolrhnfheuouoofipadtionheheisihhyRaIIaBceapFumgrmFiimhnttriosaIsnnncszrllsEdhminnidspbytnspnhiaiiniillactarisoerrfhOiqHsssssuufogypeaiEoggbiihmifcrromdeaiSntMrEbntefoodBaMirrubgssCnnaioientt?oeayuirnitmnToadptlegngfttMhdicCnrioetoiiorftddriomaaaorrdlaCpsunlmaadeititsmEliseoyinfFyoaapvEavnpoiienynanupnnhEzBgoomrotapkAatteoEemestiaifthneCxehgzhhytdgiinIflMBrthnnnhTmCsissfpoorilhandEsiadhiitiyee:mtlEtLEeioldd:snceImoCoUainniialeeeeteoynTimiiLndFtan:akImarMumn:lpfmEnWmssdeoDgannthyaWWTiPniMvrenFtroehtTGInmnrpitmoboMdseeiioihiremcanepHdoeaitomsnsnsecgtheiemtlmueeerlmevsophdCfsoSomtdmysoragidsgaACesrrstoiacbastrithmerPtCinabneggyrmiBipPreartDloePnctasiibeerlyoHisryroeuugcinahyrttcuCmlcribmrgdpvneoauoHl:andietinrsCycsGoeouairevoahMitTutyercrfctotoMCmivaldrihodaiedBEflateainNiuaienrhsodrfennchoNnioueneuMntCnitpil-aeroPdeoEniapTioLofgdemCmacFserarndvitmaEorrlpsrtugiitgreC:etierteteSntgunEarrpvIoihmErAirruhFdzahaocantnoutdoeaaaagGirtehonraDateaarecstutocesyPpptnsiauaBsaertreiepcdlrtYitttmaLtymrhhhtyimvritanaptreuniCiahhceiiooiaeiohEoeeyienborhvaoEmnraircoWnflsndngeIanediresnnslrLapcnnltrorusagiOateilPgohaJioaBSlsttJfotigly niWSetoiyfcpefonaiifDnreMvohxfdr4wWMthcLaiJrieyetgiHc9DiippyiuieCnnadrauiutF4Fthraazyailona azionsMnlhyHnCptoIsmhmghrodgHtiahnEmuiemuyJemsmiRyiural ntsiyieinitotintmeolninaagstrgitny inMiedosaonMnrstdhauirMaprri-aiybngaPgesrTeAadaclnltPiixacrineecsteisgeMILKTYPETNE3512Nvvvv4812MMMMMMMMM3346667““79991B111T1FI1112B2Y222222T3333333RR33333313378122G3112TiiTI1333449ZT1TTR“IBTGTTEFTTJTxxn9995225568654nl5TConW492784373720000122555556406775580555556uiiaoi2800022a2169roihoonhphhrhuueehrhvhlirehhoouuiik49022627c37995osueuuuuuuuuuind003h6e33s1229901a0334985777n6o02877ob55maiimmmnnieleiteerreoeenbeercoetoicdeuitesnzzoezzzzzzzseniinncltloguraitraaeYtCEBBBEQEsdhFFbshhehbnbbphhhhhhhFmislHHizsriirbpt-BlltisapaaZnanxfouuuiboiiaeSe-ietaiiiiiiie-uEatabeIPLpimmuuahnsAbmmmmmmmannupcsytnthrccrrrthnemtrnnenrertM,iilithoianaaiiiisccerleggrwdaneoialdvsAeniiaaaodaSdoiiiiiiiaIBiaviilmihmednn’’PtnnnnnnnnbFeanssrma’’tlllWeifsnauiBtwniaCsstiSrussrleonggnIrnnatl’rinoeogggggggyIsebMEessctrrdnPhelJEsolrLaarnem(oogedgtWofnioIIatmiceHopiEADGPMMsfEuisIhzgorfniinnnsdstaffuMrferWnEdenfQkcdnCiBriiFwhmepoErcredaoeretiocsltWWzsnlaaroerIzpspcnsEyeoaarzoyacaefeniirEpl-mds(avnrSShiayhncegnpthviuedeiedsmamppgrinpSamfaaWLenpipmrtamtHsrAiouiIuf iahamtdHouWItoanemtiannhnddiacpiipBnLotgiaitbnniriospspnsiaaetsanpinaiBrlgnvggoeaeathnidsspepecotazfyeis,srrstDit1inoinlilhee tvdcprosRndinnplrnlir2ryichlaophiaKJn合dooCitMsQig tEoeyserzieiasirhgr0osnSetnBgrnnshsap”SsfaHirigaYaeneiSnpoiaot2upnDfJvtt bFysauodporsnfga葬trnfPfSgerauethi1Insnai8hpoeioiest  oaCruunouenwlntte4nzetdztrgc linnIeo改0tdtdrsuLaiparoafh1nsMliodmhhvr1nedskzi)sorte’eo3Hmitpaa pecsthnPt 21eHanecEcthiAoischnaEn 12hPrh6toCare葬oRh3llyrctoreP6atroriUneEuegcosaFafy e4iiteintd5ht aooss2eLmoMn91ooapHf nrhecodrpstaau2s6Aaa2)cWeHnfiPsei&nrnlrdBo rtceetisf6teanenyw73bao4otiA2yuihiratdemJseMdau9Heovd8lnjLti9Ccrleini6mEhdanSneaudvsfee2n1renrndotiHi4rtie3p-ils2antineoii”cnru isoFncWinssCftaeTMea oo7Diaffteeudt野oygJeiBaollftnsaGooRMcolCnnirH:a -slofyiie3lFaIlerisTIocrdfQdm2eOayuoeinanrn2f獸La(oiatneeeosafH9Mntieoc inwitunsm92nadimnifsEnbhsgtnyme0raGtzurcucs 8sa oae a朝EagemeliSriRHtCtarOB1E6suab nHtrnsdirCrniy0itIinzerpposusiup2ise2bgtn-gF1浮t5tuoyisaSi(tliLh77ntehrlo8c at2eoaaosect2anaeiitni0i9eretogscma2ontneenafo6n notPhgugiTrer7Trnlnml2egnS5osg riaaaibrelroB2(xp c–外isA  ntosaSal7ewecefmeL6tai t4upfnusd Dl7ohd3d idolalnh22葬1o3ezrdiib2guorCr0taE07Ln1i3hPrn4dr1giap31c0En5t)CWoia2p2oara)6seoni0tu smc3ipnmen ioernw o1a mteshtrn aHgrplees1 anli1vpe92sxhtcr1i7”附aOino1h1s 7y9at3can3淮1t 7tsrl1tsoPG2ds葬i iG1Lg ers棠8e2Aiira ecn0n)41fbnf3a3or不s6fo0l6re2ir nemrC 8翦esa2o2 riln3ns7K  0gt3ien0G7x1 88tr a7v2e63s4i0deSacrifices ii2223xx1011702
AcknowAlcekdgneomwelnetdsgements ix
Acknowledgements
Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysincerethankstoMartinKernwho
conveyedenthusiasmforthisprojectfromtheverybeginningandprovided
encouragementandhelpfulcriticismduringcrucialstagesofitsdevelopment.
Ioweadebtofgratitudetohimandtheotherserieseditors,RobertE.Hegel
andDingXiangWarner,forhelpingtobringthisprojecttofruition.Ihavealso
benefittedtremendouslyfromdetailedsuggestionsandconstructivecriticism
providedbyK.E.Brashier,RobertJoeCutter,WendySwartz,andtwoanony-
mousreviewers.Theirthoughtfulcommentshavehelpedtomakethisabetter
book.
AsagraduatestudentIhadthegoodfortuneofattendingseminarstaught
byPaulKroll,MartinKern,MadelineSpring,ShangWei,RobertHarrist,Robert
Hymes,LiFeng,RobertBagley,VictoriaCass,andYuanXingpei.Eachhashada
positiveimpactonmydevelopmentasascholarandhasinspiredmetodelve
deeperintothefascinatingworldofpre-modernChina.Iamappreciativeof
theexcellenttrainingIreceivedfromthemandfortheirongoingsupportand
kindness.
Whileresearchingandwritingthisbook,Ihavebenefittedfromlongcon-
versationswithJesseyChooandAlexeiDitterregardingmedievalcommemo-
rativeculture.Ihadthegoodfortuneofattendingtwoexcellentworkshopson
muzhimingorganizedbyJesseyandAlexeiatRutgersUniversityin2014and
2015.Iamgratefulforthestimulatingconversationandfruitfuldiscussionfos-
teredbytheworkshopparticipants:WendiAdamek,JamesBenn,Tineke
D’Haeseleer,JiaJinhua,PaulKroll,JennyChao-HuiLiu,LuoXin,DavidMcMul-
len,LuYang,AnnaShields,WendySwartz,ShiRui,WangPing,YaoPing,and
ZhuYuqi.
Anumberoffriendsandcolleagueshavealsocontributedtothedevel-
opmentofmanyideasfoundinthisbook.Iwouldliketothankinparticu-
lar,NickTackett,MikeFarmer,AlexCook,XueLei,TimWaiKeungChan,
MeowHuiGoh,andLindaFeng.Iwouldalsoliketothankmycolleaguesat
BrighamYoungUniversity,DavidHoney,AaronSkabelund,KirkLarsen,andJack
Stoneman,fortheirencouragement.
ForfinancialassistanceduringtheearlystagesofresearchIwishtoexpress
mythankstotheDepartmentofEastAsianLanguagesandCulturesatColum-
biaUniversity,theWeatherheadEastAsianInstitute,theU.S.Departmentof
Education,andtheInstituteofInternationalEducation.Myoverseasresearch
wasgenerouslysupportedbyafellowshipfromtheWhitingFoundationanda
WilliamJ.Fulbrightgrant.