Table Of ContentEnlightened Reform in Southern
Europe and its Atlantic Colonies,
c. 1750-1830
Edited by
Gabriel Paquette
EnlightEnEd REfoRm in SouthERn EuRopE
and itS atlantic coloniES, c. 1750–1830
Empires and the making of
the modern World, 1650–2000
Series Editors:
Philippa Levine, University of Southern California, USA
John Marriott, University of East London, UK
This new monograph series seeks to explore the complexities of the relationships
among empires, modernity and global history. in so doing, it wishes to challenge
the orthodoxy that the experience of modernity was located exclusively in
the west, and that the non-western world was brought into the modern age
through conquest, mimicry and association. to the contrary, modernity had
its origins in the interaction between the two worlds. in this sense the imperial
experience was not an adjunct to western modernization, but was constitutive
of it. Thus the origins of the defining features of modernity – the bureaucratic
state, market economy, governance, and so on – have to be sought in the
imperial encounter, as do the categories such as race, sexuality and citizenship
which constitute the modern individual.
This necessarily complicates perspectives on the nature of the relationships
between the western and non-western worlds, nation and empire, and ‘centre’
and ‘periphery’. to examine these issues the series presents work that is
interdisciplinary and com parative in its approach; in this respect disciplines
including economics, geography, literature, politics, intellectual history,
anthropology, science, legal studies, psychoanalysis and cultural studies have
much potential, and will all feature. Equally, we consider race, gender and
class vital categories to the study of imperial experiences.
We hope, therefore, to provide a forum for dialogues among different
modes of writing the histories of empires and the modern. much valuable
work on empires is currently undertaken outside the western academy and has
yet to receive due attention. This is an imbalance the series intends to address
and so we are particularly interested in contributions from such scholars.
also important to us are transnational and comparative perspectives on the
imperial experiences of western and non-western worlds.
Enlightened Reform in Southern
Europe and its atlantic colonies,
c. 1750–1830
Edited by
gabRiEl paquEttE
Trinity College, Cambridge
© gabriel paquette and the contributors 2009
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
gabriel paquette has asserted his moral right under the copyright, designs and patents act, 1988,
to be identified as the editor of this work.
published by
ashgate publishing limited ashgate publishing company
Wey court East Suite 420
union Road 101 cherry Street
farnham burlington
Surrey gu9 7pt Vt 05401-4405
England uSa
www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Enlightened reform in southern Europe and its atlantic colonies, c. 1750-1830. – (Empires and
the making of the modern world, 1650-2000)
1. Enlightenment–Europe, Southern. 2. Europe, Southern– politics and government–
18th century. 3. Europe, Southern–politics and government–19th century. 4. colonies–
administration–history–18th century. 5. colonies–administration–history–19th century.
i. Series ii. paquette, gabriel b., 1977–
940.2’53–dc22
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
paquette, gabriel b., 1977–
Enlightened reform in Southern Europe and its atlantic colonies, c. 1750–1830 / gabriel
paquette.
p. cm. – (Empires and the making of the modern world, 1650–2000)
includes index.
iSbn 978-0-7546-6425-3 ( hbk. : alk. paper)
1. Europe, Southern–politics and government–18th century. 2. Europe, Southern–politics and
government–19th century. 3. Enlightenment–Europe, Southern. 4. political culture–Europe,
Southern–history. 5. Europe, Southern–intellectual life. 6. Europe–colonies–america–
administration. 7. latin america–politics and government–to 1830. 8. Enlightenment–latin
america. 9. political culture–latin america–history. 10. latin america–intellectual life. i. title.
d974.p29 2009
940.2–dc22
2009014723
iSbn 9780754664253 (hbk)
contents
Acknowledgments ix
Notes on Contributors xi
Series Editors’ Foreword xvii
intRoduction: Enlightened Reform in Southern Europe and its
atlantic colonies in the long Eighteenth century 1
Gabriel Paquette*
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1 Enlightenment, Reform, and monarchy in italy 23
John Robertson
2 ‘Enlightened Reform’ in the Spanish Empire: an overview 33
Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra
3 Enlightenment and Reform in france and the french atlantic 37
Emma Rothschild
4 Enlightened Reform in portugal and brazil 41
Francisco Bethencou rt
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5 Rethinking Enlightened Reform in a french context 47
John Shovlin
6 Searching for a ‘middle class’? francesco mario pagano and the
public for Reform in late Eighteenth-century naples 63
Melissa Calaresu*
vi Enlightened Reform in Southern Europe and its Atlantic Colonies
7 The Spanish monarchy and the uses of Jesuit historiography in the
‘dispute of the new World’ 83
Víctor Peralta Ruiz
8 conceiving central america: a bourbon public in the
Gazeta de Guatemala (1797–1807) 99
Jordana Dym*
9 montesquieu’s persian letters and Reading practices in the
luso-brazilian World (1750–1802) 119
Luiz Carlos Villalta*
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10 in the house of Reform: The bourbon court of
Eighteenth-century Spain 145
Charles C. Noel
11 ‘legal despotism’ and Enlightened Reform in the Îles du Vent:
The colonial governments of chevalier de mirabeau and
mercier de la Rivière, 1754–1764 167
Pernille Røge
12 The coming of Enlightened Reform in bourbon peru:
Secularization of the Doctrinas de indios, 1746–1773 183
Kenneth J. Andrien
13 The Savoyard State: another Enlightened despotism? 203
Christopher Storrs*
14 derecho indiano vs. the bourbon Reforms:
The legal philosophy of francisco Xavier de gamboa 229
Christopher Peter Albi*
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15 The Sultan’s Republic: Jealousy of trade and oriental
despotism in paolo mattia doria 253
Sophus A. Reinert
Contents vii
16 observing the neighbours: fiscal Reform and transnational
debates in france after the Seven Years’ War 271
Florian Schui
17 ‘The proud Epithet of Enlightened’: ferdinando galiani and the
neapolitan debate on colonies, commerce and conquest 287
Koen Stapelbroek
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18 The limits of Reform in Spanish america 307
Manuel Lucena-Giraldo*
19 pombal’s government: between Seventeenth-century Valido and
Enlightened models 321
Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro
20 Enlightened Reform after independence: Simón bolívar’s
bolivian constitution 339
Matthew Brown*
21 José da Silva lisboa and the Vicissitudes of Enlightened Reform in
brazil, 1798–1824 361
Gabriel Paquette*
Index 389
ThIS PAGE hAS BEEN LEFT BLANK INTENTIoNALLy
acknowledgments
This volume has emerged from the paper presentations, discussions, and
debates which took place during the ‘Enlightened Reform in Southern
Europe and its atlantic colonies, c. 1750–1830’ workshop that was held at
trinity college, cambridge in december 2007. in addition to the scholars
whose essays are published in this volume, a significant number of historians
generously participated in the workshop proceedings as speakers, discussants,
chairs, or interrogators from the audience. The ideas, concepts, and arguments
contained in this volume would be considerably weaker were it not for their
indispensable involvement. These historians are: professor derek beales,
professor tim blanning, professor david brading, professor paul cheney,
professor Richard drayton, professor Sir John h. Elliott, ms. carrie gibson,
dr. maurizio isabella, professor Kenneth maxwell, professor anthony
mcfarlane, dr. William nelson, dr. William o’Reilly, dr. Joan-pau Rubiés,
and professor hamish Scott.
many material debts were assumed during the course of both the
development and the completion of the project. Several institutions in
cambridge generously sponsored the workshop at which this volume of
essays was conceived: the centre for Research in the arts, Social Sciences,
and humanities (cRaSSh), the ‘programme on Exchanges of Economic and
political ideas since 1760’ based at the centre for history and Economics
(King’s college), trinity college, the faculty of history’s g.m. trevelyan
fund, and the centre of latin american Studies. beyond the fens, the
Royal historical Society and the british academy offered crucial material
assistance. in addition, several of these organizations offered other forms
of valuable assistance. cRaSSh provided the main venue for the meeting
and also lent its formidable logistical support to the project. The master,
fellows, and staff of trinity college provided workshop participants with
splendid and undoubtedly memorable hospitality. The centre for history
and Economics sponsored, designed, and hosted a marvellous workshop
website. The support of several individuals was crucial to the project’s success
and they deserve special mention: professor david armitage, professor tim
blanning, mrs. hansa chauhan, professor Richard drayton, ms. Sarah
horal, ms. catherine hurley, mr. James lees, ms. inga huld markan,
ms. michelle maciejewska, professor cecilia miller, dr. chris morley,
