Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure
Series Editor: Janusz Kacprzyk
Daniel Watzenig
Lisa-Marie Schicker Editors
Enhanced
Trustworthiness
and End User
Acceptance
of Conditionally
Automated Vehicles
in the Transition
Period
Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation
and Infrastructure
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
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Daniel Watzenig Lisa-Marie Schicker
(cid:129)
Editors
Enhanced Trustworthiness
and End User Acceptance
of Conditionally Automated
Vehicles in the Transition
Period
123
Editors
DanielWatzenig Lisa-Marie Schicker
Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH
Graz,Steiermark, Austria Graz,Steiermark, Austria
ISSN 2523-3440 ISSN 2523-3459 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Intelligent Transportation andInfrastructure
ISBN978-3-030-60860-6 ISBN978-3-030-60861-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3
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Preface
Automatedvehicleswillbeacceptedbycustomersandsocietyonlywhentheywill
be deemed easy-to-use and fully reliable and safe regarding the planned manoeu-
vres and their execution. A key challenge is to ensure safe vehicles handling with
reduced driver attention. Especially for level 3 automated driving systems, an
effective interaction between the driver and the automated vehicle plays an
importantrole.Toactinharmonywithdriverexpectations,thesesystemsshouldbe
engineered following a user-centric approach. User acceptance is particularly
important for the design of, driver interfaces that will facilitate the transitions
between human and automated driving. Moreover, the automated driving systems
should be resilient to both system and driver failures and guarantee sufficient
reliability and robustness in each and every situation in real world traffic. The
introduction of automated vehicles into the existing traffic poses specific issues
regarding safety, in particular during the transition period where there will be
interactions with other vehicles (of any degree of automation or none) and other
traffic participants such as pedestrians or cyclists. This topic was taken up by the
Horizon2020 “Automated Road Transport” call in 2016. Out of the call entitled
“Safety and end-user acceptance aspects of road automation in the transition per-
iod”, three projects were funded, each dealing with a different angle on how to
increase trust in conditionally automated vehicles:
TrustVehicle TrustVehicle aims at advancing technical solutions for automated
driving to better assess critical situations in mixed traffic scenarios and even under
harsh environmental conditions, hence increasing safety far beyond the current
levels. The project follows a user-centric approach and provides solutions which
significantly increase reliability and trustworthiness of automated vehicles and
contribute to end-user acceptance.
BRAVE BRAVE’s approach assumes that the launch of automated vehicles on
public roads will only be successful if a user centric approach is used where the
technicalaspectsgohandinhandincompliancewithsocietalvalues,useracceptance,
behaviouralintentions,roadsafety,social,economic,legalandethicalconsiderations.
v
vi Preface
interACT The interACT project works towards the safe integration of AVs into
mixed traffic environments. In order to do so, interACT analyses todays’
human-humaninteractionstrategies,andimplementandevaluatesolutionsforsafe,
cooperative, andintuitive interactions between AVs andboththeiron-board driver
and other traffic participants.
Together, these three projects form the H2020-ART-04 cluster and are part
of the ECSEL Mobility.E Lighthouse Initiative that supports the roadmap towards
safe, electric, automated/autonomous and connected smart mobility.
The main research activities and results achieved in TrustVehicle are presented
in this book, complemented by results from BRAVE and interACT. The overall
structure of the book is presented in the picture below.
Expectations Interaction concepts Driver Monitoring Simulation Driving Simulator
Demonstrators Proving Ground
KPIs
End-user acceptance
Requirements Development Verification
Scenarios/use cases Chapter1 Chapter2/3/4 Assessment6C/5harept
Interaction
Behaviour
Objectives Sense-Plan-Act Simulation Driving Simulator Proving Ground
Sensor and perception concepts
ADAS functions
(planning and control)
The chapters build upon each other to draw a comprehensive picture, starting
from the collection of the requirements for end user trust. It continues with the
development of interaction and driver monitoring concepts as well as reliable
sense-plan-act approaches and goes further to verification and assessment on three
levels:insimulation,onthedrivingsimulatorandontesttracks.Thesestepsshould
pave our way to trustworthy and reliable automated vehicles—so called
TrustVehicles.
The present book on trustworthiness and end user acceptance of conditionally
automated vehicles provides an overview of current and emerging technological
challenges. We hope that the reader will be inspired by the different chapters
selected.
Preface vii
Finally, we would like to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to all
authors and co-authors, who made the publication of this book possible.
Graz, Austria Daniel Watzenig
August 2020 Lisa-Marie Schicker
Contents
HowShouldTrustVehiclesBehave?Trustworthiness,UserAcceptance
and Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lisa-Marie Schicker, Daniel Watzenig, Ahu Ece Hartavi,
and Micaela Troglia
Bridging Gaps for the Adoption of Automated Vehicles—BRAVE
Aspects for TrustVehicles—Development of Innovative HMIs
to Increase Acceptance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Clemens Kraetsch, Gabriella Eriksson, Niklas Strand, Florent Anon,
Jan-Paul Leuteritz, and Bernhard Schrauth
How Should TrustVehicles interACT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Mikko Tarkiainen, Merja Penttinen, Kimmo Kauvo, Ersun Sözen,
Marc Wilbrink, and Marc Kaup
Reliable Sense-Plan-Act Approaches for TrustVehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Ahu Ece Hartavi, Tarek Kabbani, Pouria Sarhadi,
Abhishek Shah Alias Sangani, Johan Zaya, Stephanie Maroun,
MonaSaleh,SrinathShanmugam,AshokKrishna,JibinOu,ErsunSözen,
Eren Aydemir, and Samia Ahiad
TrustVehicle Verification Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Bernhard Hillbrand, Pamela Innerwinkler, Georg Stettinger,
Ahu Ece Hartavi, Kemal Rodoplu, Ali Demir, Talat Büyükakin,
ErsunSözen,ErenAydemir,PhilippClement,JohanZaya,SamiSahimäki,
and Mikko Tarkiainen
Assessment Concept for TrustVehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Philipp Clement, Herbert Danzinger, Philipp Quinz, Bernhard Hillbrand,
Ahu Ece Hartavi, and Kübra Zehra Kasikci
ix
How Should TrustVehicles Behave?
Trustworthiness, User Acceptance
and Expectations
Lisa-MarieSchicker,DanielWatzenig,AhuEceHartavi,
andMicaelaTroglia
Abstract TomakeaL3ADvehicletrustworthyandmaketheuserfeelcomfortable
using such a vehicle is crucial for the adoption of automated vehicles. Such an
automatedvehiclecannotbejustavehicleithastobeaTrustVehicle.Therefore,the
TrustVehicleprojectpresentsanapproachtodefinehowavehicleshouldbehavein
order tobe aTrustVehicleby collecting requirements inthe formof user concerns
andexpectationsaswellasexpertopinions.Basedontheseresults,KeyPerformance
Indicatorsaredefinedtomeasuretrustworthyvehiclebehaviourdividedinhuman,
technologyandvehiclecategory.Finally,thedefinedtrustworthyvehiclebehaviour
needstobebenchmarked.Thisisdonebyavarietyofusecases,dealingwithcomplex
scenariosanddifferentdemonstratorvehiclestoreflectdiverseaspectsofcomplex
trafficsituationsandconditions.
· ·
Keywords Userexpectations Trustworthiness Conditionallyautomated
· ·
driving L3AD Keyperformanceindicators
B
L.-M.Schicker( )·D.Watzenig
VirtualVehicleResearchGmbH,Graz,Austria
e-mail:[email protected]
D.Watzenig
e-mail:[email protected]
A.E.Hartavi
UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Troglia
CISCSemiconductorGmbH,Klagenfurt,Austria
e-mail:[email protected]
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
D.WatzenigandL.Schicker(eds.),EnhancedTrustworthinessandEndUserAcceptance
ofConditionallyAutomatedVehiclesintheTransitionPeriod,LectureNotesinIntelligent
TransportationandInfrastructure,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3_1
