Table Of ContentБЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ENGLISH READER
FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDENTS
ХРЕСТОМАТИЯ
НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ-ПОЛИТОЛОГОВ
Рекомендовано
Учебно-методическим объединением
по гуманитарному образованию
в качестве учебно-методического пособия
для студентов учреждений высшего образования,
обучающихся по специальности
1-23 01 06 «Политология (по направлениям)»
МИНСК
БГУ
2019
УДК 811.111’276.6:32(075.8)(076.6)
Составители:
А. И. Долгорукова, И. Н. Шпаковская
Под общей редакцией А. И. Долгоруковой
Рецензенты:
кафедра межкультурной экономической коммуникации
Белорусского государственного экономического университета
(заведующий кафедрой кандидат филологических наук,
доцент Н. П. Могиленских);
кандидат филологических наук, доцент Т. А. Сысоева
Хрестоматия на английском языке для студентов-политологов =
English Reader for Political Science Students [Электронный ресурс] :
учеб.-метод. пособие / сост.: А. И. Долгорукова, И. Н. Шпаковская ; под
общ. ред. А. И. Долгоруковой. ― Минск : БГУ, 2019.
ISBN 978-985-566-732-3.
Представлены аутентичные тексты, направленные на формирование язы-
ковой, речевой, социокультурной, познавательной компетенции. Включены
задания для проверки усвоенных знаний и анализа прочитанного материала.
Предназначено для студентов учреждений высшего образования, обучаю-
щихся по специальности 1-23 01 06 «Политология (по направлениям)».
УДК 811.111’276.6:32(075.8)(076.6)
ISBN 978-985-566-732-3 © БГУ, 2019
2
CONTENTS
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ .......................................................................................6
PART I. POLITICS AND THE STATE ..................................................7
SECTION 1. DEFINING THE STATE ................................................ 10
SECTION 2. DEBATING THE STATE ............................................... 12
Rival theoRies of the state ............................................................... 12
Text A. The pluralist state ......................................................... 12
Text B. The capitalist state ........................................................ 14
Text C. The leviathan state ........................................................ 16
Text D. The patriarchal state ..................................................... 17
the Role of the state ........................................................................ 18
Text A. Minimal states ............................................................... 18
Text B. Developmental states .................................................... 19
Text C. Social-democratic states ................................................ 20
Text D. Collectivized states ........................................................ 21
Text E. Totalitarian states ......................................................... 21
Text F. Religious states .............................................................. 22
SECTION 3. ECLIPSE OF THE STATE? ........................................... 23
Decline anD fall of the state ........................................................... 23
Text A. Globalization and state transformation ....................... 23
Text B. Non-state actors and international bodies ................... 25
Text C. Failed states and state-building ................................... 26
RetuRn of the state? ......................................................................... 28
PART II. DEMOCRACY AND LEGITIMACY ................................. 30
SECTION 1. LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL STABILITY ............. 34
Text A. Legitimizing power ........................................................ 34
Text B. Legitimation crises and revolutions .............................. 35
Text C. Democratic legitimacy ................................................... 37
Text D. Non-democratic legitimacy? .......................................... 38
SECTION 2. DEMOCRACY ................................................................. 40
Text A. Understanding democracy ............................................. 40
Text B. Who are the people? ....................................................... 41
Text C. How should the people rule? ......................................... 42
Text D. How far should popular rule extend? ........................... 43
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SECTION 3. MODELS OF DEMOCRACY .......................................... 44
Text A. Classical democracy ....................................................... 44
Text B. Protective democracy ..................................................... 45
Text C. Developmental democracy ............................................. 47
Text D. People’s democracy ........................................................ 48
SECTION 4. DEMOCRACY IN PRACTICE: RIVAL VIEWS ............ 50
Text A. Pluralist view ................................................................. 50
Text B. Elitist view ..................................................................... 51
Text C. Corporatist view ............................................................. 52
Text D. New Right view .............................................................. 53
Text E. Marxist view ................................................................... 54
Text F. Towards cosmopolitan democracy? ............................... 55
PART III. REPRESENTATION. ELECTIONS. VOTING ............... 58
SECTION 1. REPRESENTATION ....................................................... 61
Text A. Representation: the general notion ............................... 61
Text B. Trustee model ................................................................. 62
Text C. Delegate model ............................................................... 63
Text D. Mandate model .............................................................. 64
Text E. Resemblance model ........................................................ 65
SECTION 2. ELECTIONS .................................................................... 67
Text A. Elections: the key issues ................................................ 67
Text B. Functions of elections .................................................... 68
Text C. Electoral systems: major types ...................................... 70
Text D. Electoral systems: debates and controversies .............. 72
Text E. What do elections mean? ............................................... 74
SECTION 3. VOTING ........................................................................... 76
voting behaviouR ............................................................................... 76
theoRies of voting ............................................................................ 77
Text A. Party-identification model ............................................. 77
Text B. Sociological model .......................................................... 78
Text С. Rational-choice model .................................................... 78
Text D. Dominant-ideology model .............................................. 79
PART IV. POLITICAL CULTURE AND THE MEDIA .................... 81
SECTION 1. POLITICAL CULTURE ................................................. 84
Text A. Civic culture .................................................................. 84
Text B. Political culture: Marxist theory. .................................. 86
SECTION 2. MEDIA AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION ........... 88
Mass MeDia ......................................................................................... 88
Text A. Theories of the mass media ........................................... 88
Text B. Pluralist model ............................................................... 89
Text C. Dominant-ideology model .............................................. 90
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Text D. Elite-values model ......................................................... 90
Text E. Market model ................................................................. 91
MeDia. DeMocRacy. goveRnance ....................................................... 92
Text A. Mass media as custodians of democracy ....................... 92
Text B. Media and governance ................................................... 94
Text C. New media and the rise of e-politics ............................. 96
Text D. Media globalization ....................................................... 98
Mass MeDia anD political coMMunication ......................................... 99
Text A. Propaganda machines .................................................... 99
Text B. Politics of spin ...............................................................101
LITERATURЕ .........................................................................................104
5
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Цель учебно-методического пособия «English Reader for Political
Science Students» ― расширить и углубить знания студентов, обуча-
ющихся по специальности «Политология». Аутентичные тексты помогут
сформировать языковую, речевую, социокультурную, познавательную
компетенции.
Издание содержит четыре части (Parts), организованные по темати-
ческому принципу. Каждая часть состоит из разделов (Sections), которые
в свою очередь делятся на подразделы.
В начале части даются определения ключевых понятий (Concepts
to know), которые встречаются в текстах и необходимы для понимания
и дальнейшего активного использования. Затем следует информация,
способствующая развитию социокультурной и познавательной компе-
тенций, в частности данные о научных достижениях всемирно извест-
ных политологов, внесших существенный вклад в решение проблем,
рассматриваемых в этой части.
Для развития речевой компетенции тексты сопровождаются темами
для обсуждения, что способствует активной дискуссии по значимым
профессиональным вопросам.
Завершается каждая часть анализом полученной информации и за-
даниями для проверки усвоенного материла (Test yourself).
Учебно-методическое пособие актуально по содержанию, предостав-
ляет широкие возможности для развития способностей к анализу, срав-
нению, обобщению, умозаключению, логическому аргументированию.
6
PA RT I
POLITICS AND THE STATE
The purpose of the State is always the same: to limit the
individual, to tame him, to subordinate him, to subjugate him.
Max Stirner.
The Ego and His Own (1845)
CONCEPTS TO KNOW
The state is a political association that establishes sovereign jurisdiction
within defined territorial borders, and exercises authority through a set of
permanent institutions. These institutions are responsible for the collective
organization of communal life, and are funded at the public’s expense. The
state embraces the various institutions of government, it extends to the
courts, nationalized industries, social security system, and so forth.
Sovereignty, in its simplest sense, is the principle of absolute and
unlimited power. However, sovereignty can be understood in different
ways. Legal sovereignty refers to supreme legal authority while political
sovereignty refers to absolute political power. Internal sovereignty is the
notion of supreme power/authority within the state (e.g. parliamentary
sovereignty). External sovereignty relates to a state’s place in the
international order and its capacity to act as an independent and
autonomous entity.
Neopluralism remains faithful to pluralist values while recognizing
the need to revise or update classical pluralism in the light of elite, Marxist
and New Right theories. Although neopluralism embraces a broad range
of perspectives and positions, certain central themes can be identified.
First, it takes account of modernizing trends, such as the emergence of
postindustrial society. Second, while capitalism is preferred to socialism,
free-market economic doctrines are usually regarded as obsolete. Third, in
western democracies major corporations exert disproportionate influence.
Neo-Marxism (sometimes termed “modern” or “western” Marxism)
refers to attempts to revise the classical ideas of Marx while remaining
faithful to certain Marxist principles or aspects of Marxist methodology.
Neo-Marxists typically refuse to accept that Marxism enjoys a monopoly
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of the truth. Although still concerned about social injustice, neo-Marxists
reject the primacy of economics over other factors and, with it, the notion
that history has a predictable character.
Patriarchy literally means “rule by the father”, the domination of the
husband-father within the family, and the subordination of his wife and his
children. However, the term is usually used in the more general sense
of “rule by men”, drawing attention to the totality of oppression and
exploitation to which women are subject. Patriarchy is a key concept in
radical feminist analysis, in that it emphasizes that gender inequality is
systematic, institutionalized and pervasive.
Statism is the belief that state intervention is the most appropriate
means of resolving political problems, or bringing about economic and social
development. This view is a mechanism through which collective action
can be organized and common goals can be achieved. The state is thus
seen as serving the “general will” or public interest. Statism is most clearly
reflected in government policies that regulate and control economic life.
Governance is a broader term than government. Although lacking an
agreed definition, it refers, in its widest sense, to the various ways through
which social life is coordinated. Government can therefore be seen as one of
the institutions involved in governance; it is possible to have “governance
without government”.
Failed state is a state that is unable to perform its key role of ensuring
domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within its territory. Failed
states are no longer able to operate as viable political units and as economic
units. Although relatively few states collapse altogether, a much larger
number barely function and are dangerously close to collapse.
POLITICAL SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THIS FIELD
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
German philosopher. Hegel was the founder of
modern idealism and developed the notion that
consciousness and material objects are, in fact,
unified. In Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), he sought
to develop a rational system that would substitute
for traditional Christianity by interpreting the entire
process of human history, and indeed the universe
itself, in terms of the progress of absolute Mind
towards selfrealization. In his view, history is, in
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essence, a march of the human spirit towards a determinate endpoint. His
major political work, Philosophy of Right (1821), portrays the state as an
ethical ideal and the highest expression of human freedom. Hegel’s work
had a considerable impact on Marx and other so-called “young Hegelians”.
It also shaped the ideas of liberals such as T. H. Green (1836–1882), and
influenced fascist thought.
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
English political philosopher. Hobbes was the son
of a minor clergyman who subsequently abandoned
his family. He became tutor to the exiled Prince
of Wales Charles Stewart, and lived under the
patronage of the Cavendish family. Writing at a
time of uncertainty and civil strife, precipitated by
the English Revolution, Hobbes developed the first
comprehensive theory of nature and human behaviour
since Aristotle. His classic work, Leviathan (1651),
discussed the grounds of political obligation and undoubtedly reflected the
impact of the Civil War. It provided a defence for absolutist government
but, by appealing to reasoned argument in the form of the social contract,
also disappointed advocates of divine right.
Robert Nozick (1938–2002)
US academic and political philosopher. Nozick’s
major work, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974),
had a profound influence on New Right theories
and beliefs. He developed a form of libertarianism
that was close to Locke’s and clearly influenced by
nineteenth-century US individualists such as Spooner
(1808–1887) and Tucker (1854–1939). He argued that
property rights should be strictly upheld, provided
that wealth has been justly acquired in the first
place, or has been justly transferred from one person to another. This
position means support for minimal government and minimal taxation, and
undermines the case for welfare and redistribution. Nozick’s rights-based
theory of justice was developed in response to the ideas of John Rawls. In
later life, Nozick modified his extreme libertarianism.
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SECTION 1 DEFINING THE STATE
Read the text. Make sure you know the meaning of the words in
bold.
The term “state” has been used to refer to a range of things: a collection
of institutions, a territorial unit, a philosophical idea, an instrument of
coercion or oppression, and so on. This confusion stems, in part, from
the fact that the state has been understood in four quite different ways;
from an idealist perspective, a functionalist perspective, an organizational
perspective and an international perspective.
The idealist approach to the state is most clearly reflected in the writings
of G. W. F. Hegel. Hegel identified three “moments” of social existence: the
family, civil society and the state. Within the family a “particular altruism”
operates that encourages people to set aside their own interests for the
good of their children or elderly relatives. In contrast, civil society was
seen as a sphere of “universal egoism” in which individuals place their own
interests before those of others. Hegel conceived of the state as an ethical
community underpinned by mutual sympathy ― “universal altruism”. The
drawback of idealism, however, is that it fosters an uncritical reverence
for the state and, by defining the state in ethical terms, fails to distinguish
clearly between institutions that are part of the state and those that are
outside the state.
Functionalist approaches to the state focus on the role or purpose of state
institutions. The central function of the state is seen as the maintenance of
social order, the state being defined as that set of institutions that uphold
order and deliver social stability. Such an approach has, for example, been
adopted by neo-Marxists, who have been inclined to see the state as a
mechanism through which class conflict is ameliorated to ensure the long-
term survival of the capitalist system. The weakness of the functionalist
view of the state, however, is that it tends to associate any institution that
maintains order (such as the family, mass media, trade unions and the
church) with the state itself.
The organizational view defines the state as the apparatus of government
in its broadest sense; that is, as that set of institutions that are recognizably
“public”, in that they are responsible for the collective organization of social
existence and are funded at the public’s expense. The virtue of this
definition is that it distinguishes clearly between the state and civil
society. The state comprises the various institutions of government:
the bureaucracy, the military, the police, the courts, the social security
system and so on; it can be identified with the entire “body politic”. The
organizational approach allows us to talk about “rolling forward” or “rolling
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