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English Grammar A
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Parts of Speech
i^ Noun: names a person, place, thing, idea (Lulu, jail, cantaloupe, loyalty, and so on)
W Pronoun: takes the place of a noun (he, who, I, what, and so on)
u* Verb: expresses action or being (scrambled, was, should win, and so on)
v* Adjective: describes a noun or pronoun (messy, strange, alien, and so on)
A> Adverb: describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb (willingly, woefully, very, and so on)
u* Preposition: relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence (by, for, from, and so on)
i^ Conjunction: ties two words or groups of words together (and, after, although, and so on)
i> Interjection: expresses strong emotion (yikesi wow! ouch! and so on)
Parts of a Sentence
f Verb (also called the predicate): expresses the action or state of being
t> Subject: the person or thing being talked about
u* Complement: a word or group of words that completes the meaning of the subject-verb pair
i> Types of complements: direct and indirect objects, subject complement, objective complement
Pronouns Tips
Pronouns that may be used only as subjects or subject complements: I, he, she, we, they, who,
whoever.
Pronouns that may be used only as objects or objective complements: me, him, her ,us, them, whom,
whomever.
Common pronouns that may be used as either subjects or objects: you, it, everyone, anyone, no one,
someone, mine, ours, yours, theirs, either, neither, each, everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody,
everything, anything, nothing, something, any, none, some, which, what, that.
Pronouns that show possession: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, whose.
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English Grammar
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Subject-Verb Agreement Tips
W Match singular subjects with singular verbs, plural subjects with plural verbs.
i* Amounts of time and money are usually singular (ten dollars is).
v* Either/or and neither/nor: Match the verb to the closest subject (neither the boys nor the girl is).
v0 Either and neither, without their partners orand nor, always take a singular verb (either of the
apples is).
v* All subjects preceded by each and everytake a singular verb.
k* Both, few, several, many are always plural.
Punctuation Tips
u* Endmarks: All sentences need an endmark: a period, question mark, exclamation point, or -!£
ellipsis. Never put two endmarks at the end of the same sentence.
V Apostrophes: For singular ownership generally add s;for plural ownership generally add s'.
J> Commas: In direct address use commas to separate the name from the rest of the sentence. In
lists place commas between items in a list, but not before the first item. Before conjunctions,
when combining two complete sentences with a conjunction, place a comma before the con
junction. If you have one subject and two verbs, don't put a comma before the conjunction.
Verb Tense Tips
u* Simple present tense: tells what is happening now
^ Simple past tense: tells what happened before now
i* Simple future: talks about what has not happened yet
J> Present perfect tense: expresses an action or state of being in the presen tthat has some
connection with the past
% E
v* Past perfect tense: places an event before another event in the past
-a 2
W Future perfect tense: talks about something that has not happened yet in relation to another
event in the future ^2
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English Grammar
FOR
by Géraldine Woods
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
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English Grammar For Dummies®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
909 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022
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Copyright © 2001 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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1B/RT/QT/QT/IN
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About the Author
Géraldine Woods' career as a grammarian began in her elementary school,
which in those days was called "grammar school" for very good reason. With
the guidance of a series of nuns carrying long rulers (good for pointing at the
board and slapping unruly students), she learned how to diagram every
conceivable type of sentence. She has been an English teacher for 25 years
and has written 40 books, give or take a few. She loves minor-league baseball,
Chinese food, and the novels of Jane Austen. The mother of a grown son
(Tom, a lawyer), she lives in New York City with Harry (her husband of 30
years) and parakeets Alice and Archie.
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