Table Of ContentБЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ENGLISH
FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY STUDENTS
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ-ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГОВ
Рекомендовано
Учебно-методическим объединением
по гуманитарному образованию
в качестве учебно-методического пособия
для студентов, обучающихся по специальности
1–31 02 02 «Гидрометеорология»
МИНСК
БГУ
2015
УДК 811.111’276.6:55(075.8)
С о с т а в и т е л и :
И. Л. Шарейко, О. А. Борисов, И. М. Жукова,
Т. В. Елисеева, И. Г. Шалимо
Р е ц е н з е н т ы :
профессор кафедры методики преподавания иностранных языков МГЛУ
кандидат педагогических наук И. М. Андреасян;
доцент кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов БГУ
кандидат педагогических наук Г. П. Савченко
Английский язык для студентов-гидрометеорологов = English for
Hydrometeorology Students [Электронный ресурс] : учеб.-метод. посо-
бие / сост. : И. Л. Шарейко [и др.]. – Минск : БГУ, 2015.
ISBN 978-985-566-192-5.
Учебно-методическое пособие составлено на основе оригинальных британ-
ских и американских источников и способствует усвоению и закреплению лексики
английского языка, развитию различных видов чтения и пониманию литературы
по специальности, а также отработке навыков устной речи в ситуациях профес-
сионального общения.
УДК 811.111’276.6:55(075.8)
ISBN 978-985-566-192-5 © БГУ, 2015
2
CONTENTS
Предисловие ..................................................................................................... 4
UNIT I. HYDROMETEOROLOGY AS A SCIENCE .................................... 5
UNIT II. ENERGY CYCLE ........................................................................... 20
UNIT III. WATER CYCLE ........................................................................... 40
UNIT IV. THE IMPACT OF WATER AND HEAT BALANCE
ON CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................................. 56
UNIT V. THE CRYOSPHERE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT CHANGE DRIVEN BY HUMAN
ACTIVITY AND CLIMATE .......................................................... 76
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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
В учебно-методическое пособие включен материал, который
изучается студентами специальности «Гидрометеорология». Тек-
сты составлены на основе оригинальной американской и англий-
ской учебной и научной литературы. Основная цель издания –
расширение словарного запаса, развитие навыков чтения и про-
фессиональной коммуникации на английском языке по актуаль-
ным проблемам взаимоотношений человека с природой.
Учебно-методическое пособие состоит из пяти разделов.
Каждый раздел начинается с предваряющих вопросов, они по-
могают понять содержание текста и тем самым настраивают
и подготавливают студента к восприятию материала, подлежа-
щего изучению.
Наличие в разделе текстов, чтение которых имеет определен-
ную цель, позволяет формировать у студента различные страте-
гии чтения. Эти умения являются важными и необходимыми
в профессиональной деятельности будущего специалиста.
Система предлагаемых заданий и упражнений направлена на
выработку у студентов навыков и умений реферирования и пе-
ревода текстов по специальности, ведения дискуссий на профес-
сиональные темы.
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UNIT I
HYDROMETEOROLOGY AS A SCIENCE
In time and with water,
everything changes.
Leonardo da Vinci
READING MATERIAL
TEXT A
Task
a) Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
What is hydrometeorology about?
What aspects does hydrometeorology incorporate?
b) Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after
the text.
Hydrometeorology
Hydrometeorology is a scientific field of study that incorporates aspects of
both meteorology and hydrology. Meteorology is an interdisciplinary field of
study specializing in atmospheric science, specifically as it relates to weather
patterns. Hydrology, in the simplest terms, is the study of water on earth.
Hydrometeorology, by comparison, studies water as it relates to earth’s lower
atmosphere and interacts with earth’s surface.
Hydrometeorology is chiefly concerned with the transfer of energy
between atmospheric water and the earth’s surface. In other words, when
atmospheric water impacts landmasses, hydrometeorologists are keenly
interested. Any time atmospheric water changes from gaseous to liquid or solid
form, a hydrometeorological process has occured.
At any given time, most of earth’s water is found in oceans, lakes, and
rivers. It is important to remember, however, that atmospheric water vapor
goes through a continual cycle. Even though atmospheric water is a small
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percentage of the earth’s water, a large amount of water moves through the
water vaporization process on a daily basis. Water vaporizes and falls to earth
at astounding rates, leading to intense movement of the atmosphere. On a
daily basis, water moves from the oceans to the atmosphere and back again.
Floods, hurricanes, thunderstorms, and other water-rich weather all
represent an intense transfer of energy. Such water-based weather patterns are
predicted and studied using the latest hydrometeorological methods. Using
Doppler radar and other devices, hydrometeorologists study the atmosphere,
looking for weather patterns indicative of known atmospheric water
disturbances. Emphasis is also placed on careful study of precipitation. By
studying a region’s precipitation levels, hydrometeorologists are better able to
predict the effect atmospheric water will have on the nearby populations.
In addition to studying precipitation cycles and water movement,
hydrometeorology also studies static bodies of atmospheric water. Atmospheric
water vapor that has not fallen to earth poses a specific curiosity for
hydrometeorologists. Scientists expect regular cycling of water vapor, and
lapses in this cycle are a phenomenon that can lead to drought.
Hydrometeorology not only studies phenomena, it seeks proactive solutions
to climate problems. During a drought, atmospheric water content is locked in
the clouds, leading to decreased rain, sleet, and snow. Hydrometeorology
studies those clouds and also looks for solutions to unforeseen lapses in the
atmospheric water cycle. In some instances, hydrological engineers can use
hydrometeorological data determine when and if it is appropriate to “seed”
stubborn clouds. Cloud seeding is a process whereby an airplane drops silver
iodide and frozen carbon dioxide into a cloud, thereby forcing the gaseous
cloud to liquefy and fall to the ground as rain.
Notes
lapse – ошибка
stubborn – неподатливый
liquefy – превращаться в жидкость
WORD STUDY
Ex. 1. Read the international words correctly. Mind the stress:
a) aspect static b) hydrology c) population
energy regular transfer engineer
gaseous climate intense atmospheric
atmosphere problem indicative interact
cycle data disturbance meteorology
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a) process airplane b) effect c) hydrological
method specialize specific hydrometeorology
radar term phenomenon hydrometeorologist
region basis proactive hydrometeorological
Ex. 2. Match English and Russian equivalents:
1) to go through a continual a)население близлежащих
cycle территорий
2) intense transfer of energy b) вынуждать газообразное облако
3) at astounding rates превращаться в жидкость
4) other water-rich weather c) сбои цикла
5) atmospheric water d) интенсивный перенос энергии
disturbances e) статическая атмосферная вода
6) water-based weather patterns f) погода, обусловленная влагой
7) nearby populations g) находиться в непрерывном
8) lapses in the cycle кругообороте
9) static bodies of atmospheric h) быть сильно заинтересованным
water i) нарушение кругооборота
10) to pose a specific curiosity атмосферной воды
11) to force the gaseous cloud to j) представлять особый интерес
liquefy k) с поразительной скоростью
12) to be keenly interested l) другие погодные явления
с изобилием влаги
Ex. 3. Give the English equivalents.
Перенос энергии; взаимодействовать с земной поверхностью; влия-
ние атмосферной воды; процесс испарения воды; на повседневной осно-
ве; наводнения; оказывать воздействие на сушу; грозы; тщательное изу-
чение выпадения осадков; ураганы; предсказывать; другие приборы;
искать действенные решения; засевание облаков; переходить из газооб-
разного состояния в жидкое или твердое; новейшие гидрометеорологиче-
ские методы; небольшой процент всей воды на земле; интенсивное дви-
жение атмосферы; изучение циклов выпадения осадков; непредвиденные
сбои в цикле атмосферной воды; выпадать на землю в виде дождя.
COMPREHENSION AND DISCUSSION
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences.
1. Hydrometeorology studies … .
2. It is concerned with … .
3. Most of the earth’s water is found in … .
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4. Water vaporizes and falls to … .
5. From the oceans water moves to … .
6. Water-rich weather represent … .
7. Hydrometeorologists study the atmosphere looking for … .
8. A specific curiosity for hydrometeorologists is … .
9. Lapses in regular cycling of water vapour can lead to … .
10. During a drought atmospheric water content is … .
11. Hydrometeorological data can be used by hydrological engineers to … .
12. Cloud seeding is a process forcing … .
Ex. 2. Think about how you world answer the following questions.
1. What is the topic of hydrometeorology?
2. What does meteorology specialize in?
3. What is hydrology?
4. Can you give an example of hydrometeorological process?
5. What process does water move through on a daily basis?
6. What causes intense movement of the atmosphere?
7. Can you name some of water-rich weather presenting an intense transfer
of energy?
8. How are they predicted and studied?
9. What can hydrometeorologists do by studying a region’s precipitation
levels?
10. What else does hydrometeorology study besides precipitation cycles and water
movement?
Ex. 3. Speak on the topic “The Subject of Hydrometeorlogy” using the
following phrases.
1. The text is head-lined … .
2. The main idea of the text is to give the reader some information on … .
3. It touches upon … .
4. Attention is drawn to the fact … .
5. According to the text … .
6. In conclusion the text considers … .
TEXT B
Task. Read the text and get ready to discuss its main points.
Hydrometeorological Forecasts
Hydrometeorological forecasts usually aim to provide an estimate of
future catchment conditions, based on recent and forecast meteorological
conditions, and hydrological observations.
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Hydrometeorological forecasts can be used to assist with emergency
management, routine operations, and for longer-term strategic planning. The
range of potential applications is large, and can include flood warning, drought
forecasting, reservoir operations, hydropower and irrigation scheduling,
pollution control, and river basin management. Users may require information
in a range of formats, and at different lead times and spatial scales, meaning
that the techniques which are used need to be adapted to each application. The
approach to interpretation of forecasts can also vary widely, ranging from
visual inspection of outputs through to risk-based and probabilistic decision
support systems.
Forecasts can be required at a range of timescales, ranging from a few
hours or less in flood warning applications, through to many years or decades
ahead for long-term strategic planning. In hydrology, the distinction is often
made between the following timescales for decision-making:
tactical or Emergency – including flood warning, hydropower generation,
irrigation scheduling, water supply operations, and predictive control for urban
drainage systems;
seasonal or Intraseasonal – including drought forecasting, planting/harvesting
of crops, water resources management, and annual snowmelt forecasts;
strategic or Inter-Annual – including river basin management, investment
planning, climate change impact assessments, and the operation of reservoir and
groundwater systems with large over-year storage.
The boundaries between these timescales are not clear-cut and depend on
the application.
The scale at which forecasts are ideally required is also an important
consideration, and some typical categories include the field (or plot) scale in
irrigation applications, through to farm, community, catchment, regional,
continental and global scales. The focus also varies between users; for
example, emergency managers and urban drainage system operators may be
interested in information at a town or city scale whilst, for a wide-spread
disaster, international disaster relief organizations are often interested in
information across many countries.
The forecasting requirements for lead-time and spatial scale therefore vary.
Meteorological forecasts play a key role in many aspects of the
hydrometeorological forecasting process, particularly for lead times beyond the
natural response times of hydrological systems. The types of meteorological
forecasting outputs which are potentially useful include Quantitative Precipitation
Forecasts (QPF), and forecasts for a range of other parameters, including air
temperature, soil moisture, wind speed, and humidity.
Hydrological forecasts typically aim to translate meteorological
observations and forecasts into estimates of river flows. River flow forecasts
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can be used in a wide range of applications, including flood warning, drought
early warning, water resources management, and providing warnings of
pollution incidents.
Many hydrological forecasting applications require an assessment of water
demand as well as water supply, and demand forecasts can require
consideration of the water requirements for a wide range of applications.
Examples include the availability of raw water for irrigation, hydropower
generation and industrial water supply, and of treated water for public water
consumption. Some applications, such as hydropower generation, may only
store water temporarily, returning it to river flows at a later time (with minor
evaporation and seepage losses), whilst other demands can represent a
permanent loss to the river system.
Hydrometeorological forecasts are used for many applications, including
issuing alerts and warnings, strategic planning, and the real time control of
reservoir and other systems. To support decision making, forecasts need to be
interpreted in terms which are meaningful to the end user, and which provide
sufficient lead time to take effective action. Perhaps the simplest approach, but
one which can require considerable consultation and discussion, is to devise
purpose-made forecast products appropriate to the recipient, and to decide
how best to disseminate that information in time to be useful. This can include
map-based and internet-based displays, and more traditional bulletins and
situation reports. More automated techniques can also be used.
Notes
catchment – водосборная площадь
lead times – время между принятием решения и началом действия
spatial scales – пространственный масштаб
time scales – временная шкала
response times – время ответа; скорость реакции
Quantative Precipitation Forecast – количественный прогноз осадков
river flow – сток реки, течение реки, речной поток
recipient – получатель
seepage – просачивание, фильтрация
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences.
1. Hydrometeorological forecasts aim to … .
2. The range of potential applications can include … .
3. The approach to interpretation of forecasts can vary … .
4. A range of timescales can be different, ranging from … .
5. The spatial scale at which forecasts are required include the field … .
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