Engleski jezik I

209 Pages·2009·1.249 MB·Serbian

by  Silva Mitrović

SINGIDUNUM UNIVERSITY
Silva Mitrović
FIRST YEAR
ENGLISH
Sixth Edition
Belgrade, 2009.
FIRST YEAR ENGLISH
Sixth Edition
Autor:
Silva Mitrović
Recenzenti:
Prof. dr Dejan Popović
Prof. dr Sima Avramović
Prof. dr Slobodan Barać
Izdavač:
UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM
Beograd, Danijelova 29
Za izdavača:
Prof. dr Milovan Stanišić
Tehnička obrada:
Novak Njeguš
Dizajn korica:
Aleksandar Mihajlović
Godina izdanja:
2009.
Tiraž:
500 primeraka
Štampa:
Mladost Grup
Loznica
ISBN 978-86-7912-219-3
PREFACE

Welcome to the second edition of the First Year English, the fi rst book of a
four-year course in English language for the students who are learning English
business language at the Singidunum University, Belgrade.
Th e fi rst edition of First Year English was published in 2002. I felt it
was time to revise it for two reasons. Firstly, information technology, rapidly
changing business environment, workforce composition, and the like, has
brought a number of new words and expressions into everyday use. Secondly, I
have collected feedback from the previous users and incorporated many of their
helpful suggestions into this revised edition.
What is the same in this second edition?
Th is revised book retains the features as follows:
• Each unit of this book is opened with a list of learning outcomes that
describes what the student should be able to understand aft er reading
this unit.
• Each unit of this book concludes with a concise summary organised
around the opening learning outcomes.
• Every text in this book ends with a set of unit and multi-choice
questions.
• Each unit of this book contains vocabulary and grammar outcomes
not only to increase reading and comprehension skills of the students,
but also to leave them with the opportunity to increase their powers of
expressing their own opinions and presenting their own arguments.
• Each unit in this book ends with a set of review and discussion questions
designed to foster higher-order comprehension, thinking, and speaking
skills, and, in turn, can help the students to be more eff ective managers.
What is diff erent in this second edition?
In this new edition each unit has been revisied to ensure that students are
provided with a larger, more technical vocabulary. Th is has been done by cutting
and reshaping or adding or expanding several area topics. Also, some new sections
have been created to contextualise vocabulary and provide more grammar
iii
information about the presented vocabulary. In other words, it is intended to help
students not only to learn the meanings of words, but also how they are used.
On the other hand, there is strong emphasis on the disciplines for correct
speaking and writing, including systematic training in grammar and spelling. To
this end, some grammar sections have been reshaped or expanded, and some
e plentiful exercises will help to consolidate what has been
learnt and ensure periodical revision. And in order to do this they make use of a
deliberate repetition: when the knowledge of a certain grammatical structure is
en feature in a later exercise.
How is the book organised?
is revised book follows the same pattern which was established in the
fi rst edition. It is divided into two terms and within each term there are four
units providing the students with a wide variety of texts intended to guide them
through the use of English language in economics, business organisations and
entrepreneurship as a special form of labour, accounting, information science and
legal settings.
ere are also four Appendices ese include
summaries of verb forms and irregular verbs.
Also, there is a Glindex, glossary/subject index.
Finally, at the back of the book there is a Glossary of technical terms, as well
as meanings of the words or phrases in a text that are diffi cult to understand.
I hope you will enjoy reading and studying this book as much as I did
preparing it for you.
Silva Mitrović
June 2008
iv FIRST YEAR ENGLISH
BRIEF CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
FIRST TERM
UNIT 1 WHAT IS ECONOMICS ABOUT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
UNIT 2 RESOURCE LIMITATIONS AND ALLOCATION . . . . . . . . . . 19
UNIT 3 MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS . . . . . . . . 39
UNIT 4 BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS AND LEGAL FORMS OF
BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
SECOND TERM
UNIT 5 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTRAPRENEURSHIP . . . . . . 71
UNIT 6 ON ACCOUNTING IN GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
UNIT 7 WHAT IS MEANT BY LAW? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
UNIT 8 COMMON LAW vs. CIVIL LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Appendix 1 Present and past tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Appendix 2 Th e future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Appendix 3 Modal verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Appendix 4 Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
GLINDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
BRIEF CONTENTS v
CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
FIRST TERM
UNIT 1 WHAT IS ECONOMICS ABOUT?
LEARNING OUTCOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Production
Distribution
Consumption
THE BIRTH OF ECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Competition
Free markets
OTHER DEFINITIONS OF ECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Scarcity
CURRENT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Unit Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Multi-choice questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Vocabulary and Grammar Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Defi ning and Rephrasing the Term
Articles
Nouns: Kinds, Gender and Plurals
Word Formation: Nouns and Verbs
Word Study: Related words
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
Th e Present Tenses
Review and Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
What are the three waves that modern civilisation has evolved over?
How have these waves infl uenced society and aff ected business environment?
What about the changes in the workforce composition?
Old Economy vs. New Economy.
vi FIRST YEAR ENGLISH
UNIT 2 RESOURCE LIMITATIONS AND ALLOCATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
WHAT ARE RESOURCES? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Natural resources
Human resources
Opportunity Cost
RESOURCE ALLOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Scarcity of resources
WHAT ARE GOODS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
What are services?
Free goods
Economic goods
Opportunity cost
WHAT ARE GOODS-PRODUCING
INDUSTRIES AND SERVICE INDUSTRIES? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Unit Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Unit Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Multi-choice questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Vocabulary and grammar outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Defi ning and Rephrasing the Term
Word Formation: Adjectives
Adjectives: Comparison and Constructions with Comparison
Word Study: Easily Confused Verbs
Word Study: Related words
Th e Present Tenses
Human resources: high-skilled jobs vs. low-skilled jobs
Review and discussion questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
What are the implications of the vast spread of IT on economies throughout the world?
Th e shift s in the types of jobs in the workforce during the past years.
How is IT changing the manager’s job?
UNIT 3 MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS
LEARNING OUTCOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF ECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Development economics
CONTENTS vii
MICROECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
MACROECONOMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fiscal policy
Monetary policy
A SHARED SET OF GOALS: FULL EMPLOYMENT,
PRICE STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Infl ation
Defl ation
Gross national product (GNP)
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Real income
THE OVERALL GOAL OF MACROECONOMICS POLICY . . . . . 40
Unit Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Unit Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Multi-choice questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Vocabulary and grammar outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Word Formation: Adjectives
Articles
Supply and Demand
Prepositions
Economic development
Th e Future Tense
Economic growth
Review and discussion questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Why organisations lay off workers?
How do organisations create fl exible and rapid response systems?
How does one make ethical choices and how diffi cult it is?
UNIT 4 BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS AND
LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM
BUSINESS ORGANISATION? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
WHAT THREE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
DO ALL ORGANISATIONS SHARE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Plurality of membership
Possession of distinct assets
A system of management
viii FIRST YEAR ENGLISH
WHAT ARE THREE COMMON LEGAL FORMS
OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Individual proprietorship
Partnership
Limited liability company or corporation
LIMITED LIABILITY vs. UNLIMITED LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC COMPANIES
UNDER COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . 58
Private limited company (Ltd.)
Public limited company (PLC)
Unit Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Unit Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Multi-choice questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Vocabulary and grammar outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Word Formation: Nouns
Prepositions and Verbs: Prepositional or Phrase Verbs
Th e Past and Perfect Tenses
Building a successful company
Review and discussion questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Employee monitoring and invasion of privacy.
Should organisations be permitted to monitor employee behaviour off the job?
Are managers faced with ethical dilemmas when they have to lay off employees?
SECOND TERM
UNIT 5 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTRAPRENEURSHIP
LEARNING OUTCOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ENTREPRENEURSHIP? . . . . 72
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneur
WHY ARE MORE AND MORE PEOPLE
CHOOSING ENTREPRENEURSHIP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Downsizing
FRANCHISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Franchise
Franchiser
Franchisee
ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
CONTENTS ix