Engines of Discovery - A Century of Particle Accelerators

211 Pages·2007·17.56 MB·english

by  Andrew Sessler

ENGINES OF
s
D
I COVER Y
A Century of Particle Accelerators
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ENGINES
OF
s
D
I COVER Y
A Century of Particle Accelerators
Andrew Sessler
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
E
drnund Wilson
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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World Scientific
- - - -
NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BElJlNG SHANGHAI * HONG KONG * TAIPEI * CHENNAI
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sessler, A. M. (Andrew Marienhoff)
Engines of discovery / a century of particle accelerators / Andrew Sessler, Edmund Wilson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13 978-981-270-070-4 -- ISBN-10 981-270-070-6
ISBN-13 978-981-270-071-1 (pbk.) -- ISBN-10 981-270-071-4 (pbk.)
1. Particle accelerators. 2. Particle accelerators--Design and construction. I. Wilson, E. (Edmund)
QC787.P3 S47 2007
539.7'3--dc22
2007060671
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover picture: ‘Propellers’ by Fernand Leger. © 2006 ProLitteris, Zurich.
Copyright © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be
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For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
Printed in Singapore.
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Preface
Much of the raw material for this book was collected in the appendices which include a list of those who
from the work of others, sometimes from carefully con- have been awarded prizes by their professional bodies
structed review documents, sometimes from books, and — others appear in our list of principal publications.
often simply from memories of conversations with our The appendices also include a glossary of commonly
colleagues over the last 50 years. This is not a very tech- used technical terms and abbreviations together with
nical book but we hope that we have recorded as much a bibliography listing general texts, more technical
as possible of the history of particle accelerators — the accelerator books, seminal publications, and some web
Engines of Discovery — as well as the lives of those that addresses.
built them, before it is either forgotten or lost to living We wish to thank David Whittum and Dieter Möhl
memory. for reading through an early draft and making many
This work is a personal perspective and, apart from useful suggestions and we are very grateful to Jose
the kind of errors that are inevitable in a first printing, Alonso, André Anders, André Barlow, Joe Chew, Tim
we must surely have omitted to mention incidents and Houck and Stefano De Santos for their hard work in
personalities that the reader would have liked to have correcting the proofs.
seen included. We hope that further editions will rectify We are thankful to the Lawrence Berkeley National
this. Laboratory and to CERN for supporting our activities.
The book contains many sidebars — biographical One of us (AMS) was supported by the US Department
notes and descriptions of laboratories as well as tech- of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under
nical concepts. Writing the biographical sidebars in this Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
book would not have been possible without the generous Accelerator science and engineering — the ability to
help of our colleagues. Nevertheless, lack of space and handle particle and photon beams — has developed far
the difficulty in tracking down reliable sources of infor- beyond what anyone could have imagined in 1900. This
mation has meant that we have had to make a rather book is dedicated to the physicists and engineers who,
arbitrary and subjective choice. We have had to leave over a period of 100 years made possible electrostatic
out many accomplished individuals who have made machines, the cyclotron, the betatron, the linac, the
important contributions to the field — and regrettably synchrotron, colliders and the other machines. These
risk disappointing some of our personal friends. The machines have discovered new forms of matter and
names of those who have been left out may be found changed our lives for the better.
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Contents
Preface v
Introduction xi
Chapter I. Electrostatic Accelerators 1
I.1 Scientific Motivation 1
I.2 Voltage Multiplying Columns 4
I.3 Silk Belts 5
I.4 Wisconsin Advances 6
I.5 Tandems 8
I.6 Commercial Production of Electrostatic Machines 9
I.7 Applications of Electrostatic Machines 9
Chapter II. Cyclotrons 11
II.1 The Anatomy of a Discovery 11
II.2 Lawrence and the Early Cyclotrons 14
II.3 Transverse Focusing 18
II.4 Relativistic Limitation 19
II.5 Calutrons 19
II.6 Cyclotrons for Peace Again 21
II.7 FFAG 22
II.8 Spiral Sector Cyclotrons 23
II.9 Modern Cyclotrons 26
II.10 Applications 26
Chapter III. Linear Accelerators 28
III.1 Science Motivation — An Idea in Search of a Technology 28
III.2 The Early Linear Accelerators at Berkeley 30
III.3 Proton Linacs 30
III.4 Electron Linacs 34
III.5 Heavy Ion Linacs — a Rich Field of Research 42
III.6 Induction Linacs 44
III.7 Applications of Induction Linacs 46
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Chapter IV. Betatrons 49
IV.1 Early History 50
IV.2 The Kerst Betatron 51
IV.3 The Wideroe Betatron — Second Attempt 51
IV.4 The Years After World War II 53
Chapter V. Synchrotrons 55
V.1 Science Motivation 55
V.2 The Early History of the Synchrotron 55
V.3 First Synchrotron 56
V.4 Electron Synchrotrons 56
V.5 Early Proton Synchrotrons 56
V.6 Nimrod and Phasotron 60
V.7 Strong Focusing 60
V.8 Brookhaven’s AGS and CERN’s PS 64
V.9 Fermilab and SPS 67
V.10 Superconducting Magnets 75
Chapter VI. Colliders 78
VI.1 Science Motivation 78
VI.2 Principles 78
VI.3 Electron–Electron Colliders 81
VI.4 Electron–Positron Colliders 81
VI.5 Superconducting Cavities 90
VI.6 Proton–Proton Colliders 91
VI.7 Proton–Antiproton Colliders 94
VI.8 Asymmetric Collider Rings 97
VI.9 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 103
VI.10 Heavy-Ion Colliders 107
Chapter VII. Detectors 110
VII.1 Early Primitive Detectors 110
VII.2 Scintillators, Photomultipliers and Cerenkov Counters 110
VII.3 Collisions in Three Dimensions 111
VII.4 A Modern Detector 115
VII.5 Digital X-ray Imaging 117
VII.6 Detection Techniques for Synchrotron Radiation Sources 119
Chapter VIII. Synchrotron Radiation Sources 121
VIII.1 Scientific Motivation 121
VIII.2 Principles and Early History 122
VIII.3 Synchrotron Radiation 123
VIII.4 First Generation Synchrotron Sources 123
VIII.5 Second Generation Synchrotron Sources 123
VIII.6 Third Generation Synchrotron Sources 124
VIII.7 Angstrom Wavelength Free Electron Laser Facilities 128
VIII.8 Future Fourth Generation Synchrotron Sources 132
viii ENGINES OF DISCOVERY
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Chapter IX. Cancer Therapy Accelerators 134
IX.1 Cyclotrons 134
IX.2 Linacs 135
IX.3 Synchrotrons 136
IX.4 Other Therapies 138
IX.5 Future Facilities 138
Chapter X. Past, Present and Future 140
X.1 Future Needs 140
X.2 Linear Colliders and Their Origins 141
X.3 The International Linear Collider (ILC) 144
X.4 The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) 146
X.5 Spallation Neutron Sources 148
X.6 Rare Isotope Accelerators 151
X.7 Neutrino Super Beams, Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders 153
X.8 Accelerators for Heavy Ion Fusion and for Creating High Energy Density Plasmas 157
X.9 Proton Drivers for Power Reactors 160
X.10 Lasers and Plasmas 161
Chapter XI. A Final Word 166
XI.1 Understanding the Universe 166
XI.2 Applications 166
XI.3 Bringing Nations Together 166
XI.4 A Word Especially for the Young 168
Appendices
A. Bibliography and References 169
B. The Accelerator Community 174
C. Glossary 175
D. List of Illustrations with Acknowledgments 184
Index 189
Contents ix
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