Table Of ContentEnergy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series Editor: Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Gautam Kalghatgi
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Felix Leach
Kelly Senecal Editors
Engines
and Fuels
for Future
Transport
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
SeriesEditor
AvinashKumarAgarwal,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,IndianInstitute
ofTechnologyKanpur,Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India
AIMSANDSCOPE
Thisbooksseriespublishescuttingedgemonographsandprofessionalbooksfocused
on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates
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editedorauthoredbytopresearchersandprofessionalacrosstheglobe.Theseries
aimsatpublishingstate-of-the-artresearchanddevelopmentinareasincluding,but
notlimitedto:
(cid:129)
RenewableEnergy
(cid:129)
AlternativeFuels
(cid:129)
EnginesandLocomotives
(cid:129)
CombustionandPropulsion
(cid:129)
FossilFuels
(cid:129)
CarbonCapture
(cid:129)
ControlandAutomationforEnergy
(cid:129)
EnvironmentalPollution
(cid:129)
WasteManagement
(cid:129)
TransportationSustainability
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· ·
Gautam Kalghatgi Avinash Kumar Agarwal
·
Felix Leach Kelly Senecal
Editors
Engines and Fuels for Future
Transport
Editors
GautamKalghatgi AvinashKumarAgarwal
Oxford,UK DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
FelixLeach Kanpur,India
DepartmentofEngineeringScience
UniversityofOxford KellySenecal
Oxford,UK ConvergentScience
Madison,WI,USA
ISSN2522-8366 ISSN2522-8374 (electronic)
Energy,Environment,andSustainability
ISBN978-981-16-8716-7 ISBN978-981-16-8717-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8717-4
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
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Preface
Transportandmobilityarecentraltomodernsocieties.Transportaccountsforaround
20%ofglobalprimaryenergyuseandcontributesaround23%ofglobalCO emis-
2
sionsbut14%ofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsifothergasessuchasmethane
andnitrousoxidearetakenintoaccount.Incidentally,thisisthesameshareofGHG
emissionsasfromlivestockfarmingformeatanddairy.Therearearound1.3billion
light-duty vehicles (LDVs) in the world, with this number expected to go up to
1.7billionby2040becauseofgrowthinthedevelopingcountries.However,LDVs
accountforonlyaround45%globaltransportenergydemandwhichisverylarge;
theworldusesover11billionlitersofliquidfueleachday.Currently,around99.7%
ofalltransportrunsoncombustionenginesand95%oftransportenergycomesfrom
petroleum-basedliquidfuels.Thealternativestothecurrenttransportenergysystem
suchasbatteryelectricvehiclesstartfromaverylowbaseandfaceverysignificant
barriers to unlimited and fast growth. Hence, internal combustion engines (ICEs)
willcontinuetoplayaverycentralroleinrunningglobaltransportandneedtobe
continuouslyimprovedintermsofefficiencyandemissions.
ThisbookhasfifteenchaptersaddressingvariousissuesimportanttoICEs,and
wehopeitwillbeusefultointerestedprofessionalsandstudents.
The International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (ISEES)
was founded at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), India, in
January 2014 to spread knowledge/awareness and catalyze research activities in
thefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainability,andcombustion.Society’sgoalisto
contributetothedevelopmentofclean,affordable,andsecureenergyresourcesanda
sustainableenvironmentforsociety,spreadknowledgeintheareasmentionedabove,
andcreateawarenessoftheenvironmentalchallengestheworldisfacingtoday.The
uniquewayadoptedbyISEESwastobreaktheconventionalsilosofspecializations
(engineering,science,environment,agriculture,biotechnology,materials,fuels,etc.)
totackletheproblemsrelatedtoenergy,environment,andsustainabilityinaholistic
manner.Thisisquiteevidentbytheparticipationofexpertsfromallfieldstoresolve
theseissues.ISEESisinvolvedinvariousactivitiessuchasconductingworkshops,
seminars, and conferences in the domains of its interests. Society also recognizes
v
vi Preface
the outstanding works of young scientists, professionals, and engineers for their
contributionsinthesefieldsbyconferringthemawardsundervariouscategories.
The Fifth International Conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental
Challenges’(V-SEEC)wasorganizedundertheauspicesofISEESfromDecember
19to21,2020,invirtualmodeduetorestrictionsontravelbecauseoftheongoing
COVID-19 pandemic situation. This conference provided a platform for discus-
sions between eminent scientists and engineers from various countries, including
India, Spain, Austria, Bangladesh, Mexico, USA, Malaysia, China, UK, Nether-
lands, Germany, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. At this conference, eminent interna-
tionalspeakerspresentedtheirviewsonenergy,combustion,emissions,andalterna-
tive energy resources for sustainable development and a cleaner environment. The
conferencepresentedtwohigh-voltageplenarytalksbyDr.V.K.Saraswat,Honor-
ableMember,NITIAyog,on‘TechnologiesforEnergySecurityandSustainability’
andProf.SandeepVerma,Secretary,SERB,on‘NewandEquitableR&DFunding
OpportunitiesatSERB.’
Theconferenceincludedninetechnicalsessionsontopicsrelatedtoenergyand
environmentalsustainability.Eachsessionhad6–7eminentscientistsfromallover
the world, who shared their opinion and discussed the trends for the future. The
technical sessions in the conference included emerging contaminants: monitoring
and degradation challenges; advanced engine technologies and alternative trans-
portation fuels; future fuels for sustainable transport; sustainable bioprocessing
for biofuel/non-biofuel production by carbon emission reduction; future of solar
energy; desalination and wastewater treatment by membrane technology; biotech-
nologyinsustainabledevelopment; emergingsolutionsforenvironmental applica-
tions,andchallengesandopportunitiesforelectricvehicleadoption.Fivehundred
plus participants and speakers from all over the world attended this three days
conference.
Theconferenceconcludedwithahigh-voltagepaneldiscussionon‘Challenges
and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Adoption,’ where the panelists were Prof.
GautamKalghatgi(UniversityofOxford),Prof.AshokJhunjhunwala(IITMadras),
Dr. Kelly Senecal (Convergent Science), Dr. Amir Abdul Manan (Saudi Aramco),
andDr.SayanBiswas(UniversityofMinnesota,USA).Prof.AvinashK.Agarwal,
ISEES, moderated the panel discussion. This conference laid out the roadmap for
technologydevelopment,opportunities,andchallengesinenergy,environment,and
sustainabilitydomain.Allthesetopicsareveryrelevantforthecountryandtheworld
inthepresentcontext.Weacknowledgethesupportreceivedfromvariousagencies
andorganizationsforthesuccessfulconductoftheFifthISEESconferenceV-SEEC,
where these books germinated. We want to acknowledge SERB (special thanks to
Dr.SandeepVerma,Secretary)andourpublishingpartnerSpringer(specialthanks
toMs.SwatiMeherishi).
Preface vii
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors from all
overtheworldforsubmittingtheirhigh-qualitywork.Wewouldliketoexpressour
gratitude to the reviewers, who reviewed various chapters of this monograph and
providedtheirvaluablesuggestionstoimprovethemanuscripts.
Oxford,UK GautamKalghatgi
Kanpur,India AvinashKumarAgarwal
Oxford,UK FelixLeach
Madison,USA KellySenecal
Contents
1 IntroductiontoEnginesandFuelsforFutureTransport .......... 1
GautamKalghatgi, AvinashKumarAgarwal, KellySenecal,
andFelixLeach
2 SustainableTransportation .................................... 7
CarlHergart
3 AReviewofEmissionsControlTechnologiesforOn-Road
Vehicles ...................................................... 39
AmeyaJoshi
4 Opposed-PistonEnginePotential:LowCO andCriteria
2
Emissions .................................................... 57
LaurenceJ.Fromm,FabienRedon,andAshwinSalvi
5 AnOverviewofHybridElectricVehicleTechnology .............. 73
NirendraNathMustafi
6 Life-CycleAnalysisfortheAutomotiveSector ................... 103
GrahamConway
7 Pre-chamberCombustors:AnEnablingTechnologyforHigh
Efficiency,LowCO EngineOperation .......................... 133
2
MichaelBunce, HughBlaxill, NathanPeters,
SaiKrishnaPothurajuSubramanyam, AdrianCooper,
andMikeBassett
8 A Pathway to Ultra-Lean IC Engine Combustion: The
NarrowThroatPre-chamber ................................... 175
ManuelAlejandroEcheverriMarquez, PonnyaHlaing,
PriybratSharma, EmreCenker, JihadBadra, AmerAmer,
JamesW.G.Turner, HongIm, GaetanoMagnotti,
andBengtJohansson
ix
x Contents
9 OntheUseofActivePre-chambersandBio-hybridFuels
inInternalCombustionEngines ................................ 205
PatrickBurkardt, MaximilianFleischmann, TimWegmann,
MarcoBraun,JulianKnöll,LeifSchumacher,FlorianvomLehn,
BastianLehrheuer, MatthiasMeinke, HeinzPitsch,
ReinholdKneer,WolfgangSchröder,andStefanPischinger
10 TheUseofAmmoniaasaFuelforCombustionEngines ........... 233
DongHan,YusenLiu,andZhenHuang
11 AmmoniaasFuelforTransportationtoMitigateZeroCarbon
Impact ....................................................... 257
ChristineMounaïm-Rousselle, PierreBréquigny,
AgustinValeraMedina, ElenaBoulet, DavidEmberson,
andTereseLøvås
12 MethanolasaFuelforInternalCombustionEngines ............. 281
ChuntaoLiu,ZhiqiangLi,YiqiangPei,andYanzhaoAn
13 TechnologiesforKnockMitigationinSIEngines—AReview ...... 325
CinziaTornatore,LucaMarchitto,andGerardoValentino
14 Explicit Equations for Designing Surrogate Gasoline
FormulationsContainingToluene,n-HeptaneandIso-pentane .... 351
RogerF.Cracknell,JackScrutton,andSandroGail
15 Prediction of Ignition Modes in Shock Tubes Relevant
toEngineConditions .......................................... 369
MinhBauLuongandHongG.Im
