Table Of Content

Tekla Structural Designer 2017 Engineer’s Handbooks (ACI/AISC) March 2017 (5.0.0.7) © 2017 Trimble Solutions Corporation – part of Trimble Navigation Ltd. Table of Contents Wind Modeling Handbook ........................................................................................................... 1 Overview of the Wind Model method .................................................................................... 1 Clothe the structure in wind wall and roof panels ........................................................... 1 Perform the gravity design ................................................................................................... 3 Run the Wind Wizard............................................................................................................. 3 Review the wind zones .......................................................................................................... 3 Define the wind loadcases ................................................................................................... 3 Review wind zone loads ........................................................................................................ 4 Combine the wind loadcases into design combinations ................................................. 4 Perform the static design ..................................................................................................... 4 ASCE7 Wind Wizard ................................................................................................................... 4 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 5 Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 5 Loaded Areas ...................................................................................................................... 5 Wind Direction .................................................................................................................... 6 Design Wind Load .............................................................................................................. 6 Additional wind loads ........................................................................................................ 6 Choice of Method .................................................................................................................. 6 Applicability of the Low-Rise Building method .............................................................. 6 Low Rise Buildings - Geometry ............................................................................................ 7 Rigid Buildings of All Heights - Geometry .......................................................................... 9 Basic Wind Data ................................................................................................................... 11 Results ................................................................................................................................... 12 Wind Zones - ASCE7 Low Rise Building Method.............................................................. 12 Wind Directions ................................................................................................................ 12 Wall Zones ......................................................................................................................... 13 Roof Zones ........................................................................................................................ 13 Wind Zones - ASCE7 All Heights Method .......................................................................... 13 Wind Directions ................................................................................................................ 13 Wall Zones ......................................................................................................................... 14 Roof Zones ........................................................................................................................ 14 Wind Model Loadcases ........................................................................................................... 15 v Engineers Handbooks (ACI AISC) Creating Loadcases for the Low Rise Buildings Method ................................................ 16 Adding Wind Loadcases .................................................................................................. 16 Auto generating Wind Loadcases .................................................................................. 17 Creating Loadcases for the All Heights Method .............................................................. 17 Adding Wind Loadcases .................................................................................................. 17 Auto generating Wind Loadcases .................................................................................. 18 Wind Model Load Decomposition ......................................................................................... 18 Roof Panel Load Decomposition ....................................................................................... 18 Wind Wall Panel Load Decomposition.............................................................................. 20 Decomposition Options .................................................................................................. 20 Decompose to Members ................................................................................................ 21 Decompose to Nodes ...................................................................................................... 22 Decompose to Rigid Diaphragms .................................................................................. 23 Alternative decomposition methods for complex models ............................................ 24 Simplified Wind Wall Panels ........................................................................................... 25 Application of manual wind loads ......................................................................................... 27 Simple Wind ............................................................................................................................. 28 Overview of Simple Wind ................................................................................................... 28 Simple Wind application and decomposition .................................................................. 28 Limitations of wind decomposition to diaphragms ........................................................... 30 Wind load perpendicular to disconnected diaphragms............................................. 30 Wind load parallel to disconnected diaphragms ........................................................ 34 References ................................................................................................................................ 36 Stability Requirements Handbook ............................................................................................ 39 Introduction to stability requirements ................................................................................. 39 Global second-order effects .................................................................................................. 39 Choice of analysis type (ACI/AISC) ..................................................................................... 39 Sway sensitivity assessment (ACI/AISC) ............................................................................ 40 When should a concrete building be classed as nonsway? ....................................... 40 How do I assess the worst elastic critical load factor for the building? ................... 40 Drift .................................................................................................................................... 41 Modification Factors ............................................................................................................ 42 Member second-order effects ............................................................................................... 43 Global imperfections ............................................................................................................... 43 Member imperfections ........................................................................................................... 43 vi Table of Contents Wind drift .................................................................................................................................. 43 Overall displacement .............................................................................................................. 44 Solver Models Handbook ........................................................................................................... 45 Solver models ........................................................................................................................... 45 Working Solver Model ......................................................................................................... 45 Solver Model used for 1st Order Linear ........................................................................... 45 3D Building Analysis model ............................................................................................ 46 Solver Model used for 1st Order Non Linear .................................................................. 47 Solver Model used for 2nd Order Linear ......................................................................... 47 Solver Model used for 2nd Order Non Linear ................................................................. 48 Solver Model used for 1st Order Vibration ...................................................................... 48 Solver Model used for 2nd Order Buckling ..................................................................... 49 Solver Model used for Grillage Chasedown..................................................................... 49 Solver Model used for FE Chasedown .............................................................................. 50 Solver Model used for Load Decomposition ................................................................... 51 Refresh Solver Model .......................................................................................................... 52 Analysis objects ........................................................................................................................ 52 Solver models created for concrete members ................................................................... 53 Concrete column physical and solver models ................................................................. 53 Concrete column physical model .................................................................................. 53 Concrete column solver elements................................................................................. 54 Concrete beam physical and solver models .................................................................... 55 Concrete beam physical model ..................................................................................... 55 Concrete beam solver elements .................................................................................... 56 Rigid offsets .......................................................................................................................... 57 Rigid zones ............................................................................................................................ 57 Application of Rigid Zones .............................................................................................. 58 Rigid Zones Example 1 - fixed ended beam ................................................................. 58 Rigid Zones Example 2 - pin ended beam .................................................................... 62 Solver models created for steel and other materials ........................................................ 64 Steel column physical and solver models ........................................................................ 64 Steel column physical model ......................................................................................... 64 Steel column solver elements ........................................................................................ 64 Steel beam physical and solver models ........................................................................... 66 Steel beam physical model ............................................................................................. 66 vii Engineers Handbooks (ACI AISC) Steel beam solver elements ........................................................................................... 68 Steel brace physical and solver models ........................................................................... 69 Steel brace physical model ............................................................................................. 69 Steel brace solver elements ........................................................................................... 70 Inactive steel braces ........................................................................................................ 70 Tension only and compression only braces ................................................................ 70 Input method for A and V Braces .................................................................................. 70 Steel parapet post physical and solver models .............................................................. 70 Solver models created for concrete walls ............................................................................ 71 Concrete wall physical model ........................................................................................ 71 Concrete wall solver model ............................................................................................ 72 Concrete wall openings and extensions .............................................................................. 76 Concrete wall openings ...................................................................................................... 76 Limitations of wall openings .......................................................................................... 76 Analysis model applied to meshed wall panels with openings ................................ 77 Alternative model for wall openings ............................................................................. 77 Concrete wall extensions .................................................................................................... 79 Use of concrete wall extensions .................................................................................... 79 Concrete wall extension examples ............................................................................... 80 Solver models created for bearing walls.............................................................................. 84 Bearing wall physical model ........................................................................................... 85 Bearing wall solver model .............................................................................................. 85 Solver models created for slabs ............................................................................................ 87 Vertical alignment of slabs ................................................................................................. 87 Effect of slab openings on solver models ........................................................................ 88 Slab on beams solver models ............................................................................................ 89 Flat slab solver models ....................................................................................................... 89 Precast solver models ......................................................................................................... 89 Steel deck solver models .................................................................................................... 89 Timber deck solver models ................................................................................................ 89 Composite slab solver models ........................................................................................... 89 Diaphragms and floor meshing............................................................................................. 90 Diaphragm types ................................................................................................................. 90 Rigid ................................................................................................................................... 90 Semi-rigid .......................................................................................................................... 91 viii Table of Contents Diaphragm constraint and mesh type configurations ................................................... 92 Diaphragm option ............................................................................................................ 92 Decomposition ................................................................................................................. 92 Mesh 2-way Slabs in 3D Analysis ................................................................................... 93 Summary of diaphragm constraint and mesh type configurations ......................... 93 Other slab properties affecting the solver models ..................................................... 94 Mesh parameters ................................................................................................................ 95 Slab Mesh .......................................................................................................................... 95 Semi-Rigid Mesh ............................................................................................................... 95 Releases .................................................................................................................................... 95 Column Releases ................................................................................................................. 95 Wall Releases ........................................................................................................................ 96 Beam Releases ..................................................................................................................... 96 Brace Releases ..................................................................................................................... 97 Supports.................................................................................................................................... 97 Support degrees of freedom ............................................................................................. 98 Non linear spring supports ................................................................................................ 98 Partial fixity of column bases ............................................................................................. 99 Static Analysis and Design Handbook ....................................................................................101 Definitions ..............................................................................................................................101 Summary of Static Analysis-Design Processes ..................................................................102 Model validation ....................................................................................................................104 3D pre-Analysis ......................................................................................................................104 Load decomposition ..........................................................................................................105 1-way slab load decomposition ...................................................................................105 2-way slab load decomposition ...................................................................................105 Global imperfections .........................................................................................................106 Load reductions .................................................................................................................107 Pattern loading ...................................................................................................................107 3D Building Analysis ..............................................................................................................107 First Order or Second Order Analysis .........................................................................107 Linear or Non Linear Analysis ......................................................................................107 Grillage Chasedown Analysis ...............................................................................................107 FE Chasedown Analysis ........................................................................................................108 Sway sensitivity ......................................................................................................................109 ix Engineers Handbooks (ACI AISC) Member design ......................................................................................................................110 Steel Member Design Forces .......................................................................................110 Concrete Member Design Forces ................................................................................110 Reset Autodesign ...........................................................................................................111 Design Review ........................................................................................................................111 Comparison of solver models used in Static Analysis-Design ........................................111 Seismic Analysis and Design Handbook ................................................................................115 Introduction to Seismic Analysis and Design ....................................................................115 Definitions ...........................................................................................................................115 Code Spectra ..................................................................................................................115 Site Specific Spectra .......................................................................................................115 Base Shear Combination ..............................................................................................115 RSA Seismic Combination .............................................................................................115 Static Loadcase ...............................................................................................................116 RSA Seismic Loadcase ...................................................................................................116 RSA Torsion Loadcase ...................................................................................................116 Fundamental Period (T) ................................................................................................116 Level Seismic Weight .....................................................................................................116 Effective Seismic Weight ...............................................................................................116 Seismic Base Shear ........................................................................................................116 Square root of Summation of Square (SRSS) .............................................................116 Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) ...................................................................117 Cross Modal Coefficient ................................................................................................117 Overview .............................................................................................................................117 Seismic Wizard ...................................................................................................................119 Vertical and Horizontal Irregularities ..............................................................................119 Torsion ................................................................................................................................119 Vibration Analysis ..............................................................................................................120 % of Gravity Load Method ................................................................................................120 Equivalent Lateral Force Method ....................................................................................120 Response Spectrum Analysis Method ............................................................................121 Summary of RSA Seismic Analysis Processes ............................................................121 Seismic Drift ........................................................................................................................122 Design Coefficients and Factors ......................................................................................122 Limitations of Seismic Design ..............................................................................................122 x Table of Contents Specific limitations of steel seismic design ................................................................123 Seismic Force Resisting Systems .........................................................................................123 Available SFRS types ..........................................................................................................123 SFRS types included for steel members .....................................................................123 SFRS types available for concrete members ..............................................................124 SFRS types excluded ......................................................................................................124 Members allowed in the SFRS .........................................................................................124 Assigning members to the SFRS ......................................................................................125 Special Moment Frames - assigning connection types at steel beam ends .............125 Validation of the SFRS .......................................................................................................125 Auto design of SFRS members .........................................................................................126 Seismic Design Methods ......................................................................................................126 Seismic analysis and conventional design .....................................................................126 ELF seismic analysis and conventional design ..........................................................126 RSA seismic analysis and conventional design ..........................................................127 Seismic analysis and seismic design ...............................................................................128 ELF seismic analysis and seismic design ....................................................................128 RSA seismic analysis and seismic design ...................................................................129 ASCE7 Seismic Wizard ...........................................................................................................130 Starting the Wizard ........................................................................................................131 Site Specific Spectra .......................................................................................................131 Base Information Page ..................................................................................................131 Structure Irregularities Page ........................................................................................132 Fundamental Period Page ............................................................................................133 Seismic Force Resisting System Page..........................................................................134 Effective Seismic Weight Page ......................................................................................134 Seismic Loading Page ....................................................................................................134 Finishing the Seismic Wizard ........................................................................................135 Concrete Design Handbook .....................................................................................................137 Design Concrete ....................................................................................................................137 Features common to concrete beam, column and wall design..................................137 Gravity or Static Design? ...............................................................................................137 Analysis types performed in the Design Concrete process .....................................137 Pre-design considerations ............................................................................................138 Nominal cover ................................................................................................................138 xi Engineers Handbooks (ACI AISC) Assume cracked .............................................................................................................139 Reinforcement Parameters ..........................................................................................139 Design and detailing groups (concrete) .........................................................................140 Why use concrete design and detailing groups? .......................................................140 What happens in the group design process? ............................................................141 Concrete design group requirements ........................................................................141 Detailing group requirements .....................................................................................142 Group management ......................................................................................................143 How is grouped design and detailing de-activated for concrete members? ........144 Typical Design Concrete workflow ..................................................................................144 Set up Pattern Loading .................................................................................................145 Set all beams columns and walls into autodesign mode.........................................146 Review beam and column design groups ..................................................................146 Review beam, column and wall design parameters and reinforcement settings 147 Perform the concrete design .......................................................................................147 Review the design status and ratios ...........................................................................147 Create Drawings and Quantity Estimations ...............................................................148 Print Calculations ...........................................................................................................148 Reviewing Design Concrete and refining the design of individual members ...........149 How do I view results for a single concrete member (without re-selecting steel)? ..........................................................................................................................................149 How do I re-select steel for a single concrete member and then view its results? ..........................................................................................................................................149 Features of concrete beam design .....................................................................................150 Analysis types used for concrete beam design .............................................................150 Autodesign (concrete beam) ............................................................................................150 Deflection control ..............................................................................................................151 Use of beam flanges ..........................................................................................................153 Load reductions .................................................................................................................156 Longitudinal reinforcement .............................................................................................156 Bar layers ........................................................................................................................157 Longitudinal Reinforcement Patterns Library ...........................................................158 Longitudinal Reinforcement Regions ..........................................................................161 Relationship between Reinforcement Patterns and Design Regions ....................162 Shear reinforcement .........................................................................................................164 xii Table of Contents Shear Reinforcement Shapes Library .........................................................................164 Shear Reinforcement Patterns Library .......................................................................165 Shear Reinforcement Regions .....................................................................................165 Features of concrete column design ..................................................................................166 Autodesign (concrete column) .........................................................................................167 Section .................................................................................................................................167 Slenderness ........................................................................................................................168 Stiffness ...............................................................................................................................169 Load reductions .................................................................................................................169 Stacks and reinforcement lifts .........................................................................................170 Column design forces .......................................................................................................171 Features of concrete wall design ........................................................................................171 Autodesign (concrete wall) ...............................................................................................171 Slenderness ........................................................................................................................171 Stiffness ...............................................................................................................................172 Reinforcement ....................................................................................................................172 Load reductions .................................................................................................................172 Stacks and reinforcement lifts .........................................................................................173 Wall design forces ..............................................................................................................174 Concrete slab design .............................................................................................................174 Features of concrete slab analysis and design ..............................................................174 Analysis types used for concrete slab design ............................................................174 Concrete slab load decomposition .............................................................................175 Slab on beam idealized panels ....................................................................................175 Combined slab and patch reinforcement ..................................................................177 Typical flat slab design procedure ..................................................................................178 Flat slab design example ..............................................................................................178 Set up Pattern Loading .................................................................................................179 Design All .........................................................................................................................180 Consider Deflection (for Flat slabs) .............................................................................180 Select a Level ..................................................................................................................181 Add Patches ....................................................................................................................181 Design Panels .................................................................................................................182 Review/Optimise Panel Design ....................................................................................183 Design Patches ...............................................................................................................184 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