Engineering Tables and Data

213 Pages·2009·1.297 MB·English

by  A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lun, J.D. Todd, P.D. McFadden (editor), P.J. Probert Smith (editor)

ENGINEERING
TABLES AND DATA
A. M. Howatson, P. G. Lund and J. D. Todd
EditedbyP.D.McFaddenandP.J.ProbertSmith
April2009
ii ENGINEERINGTABLESANDDATA
Preface
EngineeringTablesandData,knownaffectionatelyasHLT aftertheinitialsofitsauthors,hasbeentheprimaryreferencefor
generationsofOxfordUniversityengineeringstudents. Firstpublishedin1973,andfollowedbyasecondeditionin1991,it
soughttoprovideacomprehensivecollectionofinformationcoveringallbranchesofengineering. Thisthirdedition,published
withthekindpermissionoftheoriginalauthors,retainsmuchofthecorematerial,updatedwherenecessary,whileincorporating
severalnewsectionsthoughttobeimportantforageneralengineeringcourse.
WegladlyacknowledgeourgratitudetoDrsB.DerbyandC.R.GrovenoroftheDepartmentofMaterialsatOxford,whovery
kindlyprovidedrevisedandextendeddataforlargepartsofthesectionPropertiesofMatter.
Thetablesonpages36–40arereproducedfromElementaryStatisticalTables: LindleyandScott,bypermissionofCambridge
UniversityPress.
Thegraphsonpage52arebasedondatapublishedinHandbookofOpticalConstantsofSolids: Palik,bypermissionof
AcademicPress.
Thegraphonpage53wasprovidedbytheCableProductsDivisionofSTCTelecommunications,whosepermissiontopublishit
isgratefullyacknowledged.
Thepropertiesofwaterandsteamtabulatedonpages54–71inclusivearebasedonU.K.SteamTablesinS.I.Unitspublishedby
EdwardArnold.
Thetablesonpage72,thelowertableonpage73,theuppertableonpage75andthethermochemicaldataonpages82and
83arereproducedfromThermodynamicTables: HaywoodbypermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Thetableforrefrigerant134aon73iscalculatedusingtheHoneywellRefrigerantsPropertiesSuite2005.
Tables1–3onpages93–102inclusivearereproducedfromElementsofGasDynamics: LiepmannandRoshko,bypermissionof
JohnWiley.
Tables4and5onpages102–121inclusivearereproducedfromIntroductiontoGasDynamics: Rotty,bypermissionofJohn
Wiley.
Thetablesofsectionpropertiesonpages136–153inclusivearereproducedbypermissionoftheSteelConstructionInstitute.
Thegraphsonpages179and180arereproducedfromElectronicCircuitsandSystems: King,bypermissionofThomasNelson.
Wearegratefultothesecompaniesandauthorsfortheircollaboration,andtotheMauriceLubbockMemorialFundforfinancial
support. WealsoexpressourthankstoourcolleaguesintheDepartmentofEngineeringScienceatOxfordfortheirhelpand
advice. Weshallbegratefultohearofthosemistakeswhich,inevitably,willhaveescapedournotice.
P.D.M.&P.J.P.S. April2009
CONTENTS iii
Contents
1 General 1
Greekalphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SIunits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Othermetricunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Multiplesandsub-multiples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Conversionfactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Mathematics 5
Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Binomialcoefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fourierseriesforcertainwaveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Trigonometric,hyperbolicandexponentialfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Trigonometricrelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Hyperbolicrelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Indefinitecoefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Definiteintegrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fouriertransform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Laplacetransform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
z-transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Complexvariable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Algebraicequations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Differentialequations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Vectoranalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Propertiesofplanecurvesandfigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Momentsofinertia,etc.,ofrigidbodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Numericalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 Propertiesofmatter 41
Physicalconstants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Periodictable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Atomicpropertiesoftheelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Physicalpropertiesofsolids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Mechanicalpropertiesofsolids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Propertiesofreinforcingfibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Workfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Propertiesofsemiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Propertiesofferromagneticmaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Superconductingmaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Opticalproperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Propertiesofliquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Thermodynamicpropertiesoffluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Propertiesofgases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Thermochemicaldataforequilibriumreactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Psychrometricchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
iv ENGINEERINGTABLESANDDATA
4 Thermodynamicsandfluidmechanics 85
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Thermodynamicrelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Equationsforfluidflow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Dimensionlessgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Generalizedcompressibilitychart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Nusseltnumbersforconvectiveheattransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Frictioninpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Boundary-layerfrictionanddrag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Openchannelflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Black-bodyradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Tablesforcompressibleflowofaperfectgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Obliqueshocks: shock-waveangleversusflowdeflectionangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Obliqueshocks: pressureratioanddownstreamMachnumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5 Solidmechanicsandstructures 124
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Two-dimensionalstressandstrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Three-dimensionalstressandstrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Bendingoflaterallyloadedplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Yieldandfailurecriteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Elasticbehaviourofstructuralmembers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
DimensionsandpropertiesofBritishStandardsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6 Mechanics 154
Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7 Electricity 161
Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Analysisofcircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Resonanceandresponse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Electricalmachines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Wavepropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Transmissionlines,opticalfibresandwaveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Communicationsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Semiconductordevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Digitallogic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Verilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Statemachinesandcomputerarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Electricalpropertiesofmaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8 Miscellaneous 197
Standardscrewthreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Engineeringdrawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
GENERAL 1
Part 1
General
2 ENGINEERINGTABLESANDDATA
Greek alphabet
α A alpha ν N nu
β B beta ξ Ξ xi
γ Γ gamma o O omicron
δ Δ delta π Π pi
(cid:9) E epsilon ρ P rho
ζ Z zeta σ,ς Σ sigma
η H eta τ T tau
θ Θ theta υ Υ upsilon
ι I iota φ Φ phi
κ K kappa χ X chi
λ Λ lambda ψ Ψ psi
μ M mu ω Ω omega
SI units
Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent
Baseunits
Length metre m –
Mass kilogram kg –
Time second s –
Electriccurrent ampere A –
Temperature kelvin K –
Luminousintensity candela cd –
Amountofsubstance mole mol –
Supplementaryunits
Planeangle radian rad –
Solidangle steradian sr –
Derivedunits
Frequency hertz Hz s−1
Force newton N kgms−2
Pressure,stress pascal Pa Nm−2
Work,energy,quantityofheat joule J Nm
Power watt W Js−1
Electriccharge coulomb C As
Electricpotential,electromotiveforce volt V JC−1
Electriccapacitance farad F CV−1
Electricresistance ohm Ω VA−1
Electricconductance siemens S Ω−1
Magneticflux weber Wb Vs
Magneticfluxdensity tesla T Wbm−2
Inductance henry H WbA−1
Luminousflux lumen lm cdsr
Illumination lux lx lmm−2
GENERAL 3
Other metric units
Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent
Length Angstrom A˚ 10−10m
micron μm 10−6m
Area are a 102m2
Volume litre l 10−3m3
Mass tonne t 103kg
Force dyne – 10−5N
Pressure bar bar 105Pa
Energy erg – 10−7J
Viscosity(dynamic) poise P 10−1Pas
Viscosity(kinematic) stokes St 10−4m2s−1
Magneticfieldstrength oersted – 103/4π Am−1
Magnetomotiveforce gilbert – 10/4π A
Magneticfluxdensity gauss – 10−4T
Magneticflux maxwell(orline) – 10−8Wb
Luminance stilb – 104cdm−2
∗ ◦
Temperature degreeCelsius C 1K
∗
ThedegreeCelsiusisusedonlyforthetemperaturescalehavingzero
attheabsolutetemperature273.15K,theicepointofwater.
Multiples and sub-multiples
Factor Prefix Symbol
1024 yotta Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
10 deca da
10−1 deci d
10−2 centi c
10−3 milli m
10−6 micro μ
10−9 nano n
10−12 pico p
10−15 femto f
10−18 atto a
10−21 zepto z
10−24 yocto y
4 ENGINEERINGTABLESANDDATA
Conversion factors
Length Density
1mil=25.4μm(1mil=10−3inch) 1lb/in3=27.68gcm−3
1foot=0.3048m 1lb/ft3=16.02kgm−3
1yard=0.9144m 1lb/gallon=99.78kgm−3
1fathom=1.829m(1fathom=6feet) 1ton/yd3=1.329tm−3
1furlong=0.2012km(1furlong=220yards)
1mile=1.609km
Momentsofmass
1nauticalmile(n.m.) =1.852km
(1nauticalmile=1.15miles) 1lbft=0.1383kgm
1lbft2=421.4kgcm2
Area
Force
1squareinch=645.2mm2
1squarefoot=929.0cm2 1lbforce(lbf)=4.448N(standardgravity)
1squareyard=0.8361m2 1poundal(pdl)=0.1383N(1pdl=0.0311lbf)
1acre=4047m2(1acre=4840sq.yd) 1tonforce=9.964kN
1squaremile=2.590km2
Pressureandstress
Volume
1lb/ft2=47.88Pa
1cubicinch=16.39cm3 1lb/in2(psi)=6.895kPa
1fluidounce=28.41cm3 1ton/ft2=107.3kPa
1pint=568.3cm3 1ton/in2=15.44MPa
1Imperialgallon=4.546 l 1inHg(0◦C)=3.386kPa(1inHg=0.491psi)
1U.S.gallon=3.785 l 1ftH O(4◦C)=2.989kPa(1ftH O=0.434psi)
2 2
1cubicfoot=28.32 l(1cu.ft=6.24gallons) 1atmosphere(atm)=1.01325bar
1cubicyard=0.7646m3
Energyandpower
Angle
1ftlbf=1.356J
1degree=0.0175rad 1ftpdl=42.14mJ
1minute= 1 degree=2.909×10−4rad 1horse-power=745.7W(1hp=550ftlbf/s)
1second=601 min=4.848×10−6rad 1electronvolt(eV)=1.602×10−19J
60 ∗1degreeFahrenheit=1rankine(R)= 5 K
9
†1calorie=4.187J
Speed
†1Btu=1.055kJ(1Btu=252cal)
1revolution/minute=0.1047rads−1 1Chu=1.899kJ(1Chu= 9 Btu)
5
1mile/hour=0.4470ms−1 1therm=105.5MJ(1therm=105Btu)
1knot=0.5148ms−1(1knot=1nauticalmile/h) 1Btu/hour=0.293W
1Btu/lb=2.325kJkg−1
Mass ∗
ThedegreeFahrenheitisusedonlyforthetemperaturescale
1ounce=28.35g havingzeroattheabsolutetemperature459.67R,onwhich
◦
1pound(lb)=0.4536kg scaletheicepointofthewateriscloseto32 F.
1slug=14.59kg(1slug=32.17lb) †ThecalorieandBtuweredefinedintermsofheatingwater,
1hundredweight(cwt)=50.8kg(1cwt=112lb) andtheirprecisevaluesdependedonthetemperaturelimits
1ton=1.016t(1ton=2240lb) specified. Thefiguresgivenarebasedonagreedinternational
equivalents.
MATHEMATICS 5
Part 2
Mathematics
6 ENGINEERINGTABLESANDDATA
Constants
Constant Value log ln(log )
10 e
π 3.14159 0.49715 1.14473
π2 9.86960 0.99430 2.28946
1/π 0.31831 1.50285 −1.14473
1/π2 0.10132 1.00570 −2.28946
√
π 1.77245 0.24857 0.57236
e 2.71828 0.43429 1.00000
γ (Eulerconstant) 0.57722 1.76134 −0.54954
2 0.30103 0.69315
3 0.47712 1.09861
10 1.00000 2.30259
√
2 1.41421 0.15051 0.34657
√
3 1.73205 0.23856 0.54931
√
10 3.16228 0.50000 1.15129
180/π 57.29578 1.75812 4.04823
Binomial coefficients
(cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:2) (cid:3)
n n! n
= =
m (n−m)!m! n−m
m
(cid:4) (cid:5)(cid:6) (cid:7)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
⎫
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 ⎪⎪⎬
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28
etc.
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 ⎪⎪⎭
10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210
LargefactorialscanbecalculatedfromthisversionofStirling’sformulawhichgives
(cid:12) (cid:13) 0.0362
log n!≈0.39909+ n+ 1 log n−0.4342945n+
10 2 10 n
andiscorrecttothefifthdecimalplaceorbetterforn (cid:2)70.