Table Of ContentProject Name: Engineering Physics ACE Pro India Pvt. Ltd.
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS
First Year
Punjab Technical University
Paper Code - BTPH101
Dr S. Mani Naidu
M.Sc., Ph.D., P.G.D.C.A.
Associate Professor of Physics
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
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Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd
Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia
No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior
written consent.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the
right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 9788131761847
eISBN 9789332509511
Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India
Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Roadmap to the Syllabus xi
Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Waves and Dielectrics 1-1
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Gradient of a scalar 1-1
1.3 Curl of a vector 1-2
1.4 Divergence of a vector 1-3
→
1.5 Relationship between the electric fi eld (E)
and electric potential (V) 1-4
1.6 Th e displacement current 1-5
1.7 Maxwell’s equations 1-6
1.8 Electromagnetic waves in free space
and their velocity 1-7
1.9 Poynting vector 1-9
1.10 Electromagnetic spectrum 1-11
1.11 Dielectric polarization 1-12
1.12 Types of polarization 1-13
Formulae 1-21
Solved Problems 1-22
Multiple-choice Questions 1-27
Answers 1-29
Review Questions 1-29
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iv Contents
Chapter 2 Magnetic Materials
and Superconductivity 2-1
Part A: Magnetic materials 2-1
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Diamagnetic materials 2-1
2.3 Paramagnetic materials 2-2
2.4 Ferromagnetic materials 2-2
2.5 Anti-ferromagnetic materials 2-2
2.6 Ferrimagnetic materials [Ferrites] 2-4
2.7 Magnetic anisotropy 2-6
2.8 Magnetostriction 2-7
2.9 Production of ultrasonic waves by magnetostriction 2-7
Part B: Super conductivity 2-9
2.10 Introduction 2-9
2.11 Signifi cances or general features of super
conductors 2-10
2.12 Meissner eff ect and superconductor as
ideal diamagnetic material 2-15
2.13 Type-I and Type-II Superconductors 2-16
2.14 London equations 2-17
2.15 BCS Th eory 2-19
Formulae 2-23
Solved Problems 2-23
Multiple-choice Questions 2-26
Answers 2-30
Review Questions 2-30
Chapter 3 Elements of Crystallography 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Space lattice or crystal lattice 3-2
3.3 Th e basis and crystal structure 3-3
3.4 Unit cell and lattice parameters 3-3
3.5 Crystal systems and bravais lattices 3-4
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Contents v
3.6 Crystal planes, directions and miller indices 3-8
3.7 Characteristic and continuous X-rays 3-11
3.8 Diff raction of X-rays by crystal planes
and Bragg’s law 3-16
3.9 Bragg’s spectrometer 3-18
3.10 X-ray radiography 3-20
Formulae 3-21
Solved Problems 3-21
Multiple-choice Questions 3-23
Answers 3-28
Review Questions 3-28
Chapter 4 Lasers 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Spontaneous and stimulated emission 4-1
4.3 Einstein’s coeffi cients 4-3
4.4 Population inversion and pumping mechanisms 4-5
4.5 Components of a laser system 4-8
4.6 Helium–Neon gas [He–Ne] laser 4-8
4.7 Ruby laser 4-10
4.8 Semi conductor laser 4-11
4.9 Carbon dioxide laser 4-15
4.10 Applications of lasers 4-17
4.11 Holography 4-20
Formula 4-22
Solved Problems 4-22
Multiple-choice Questions 4-23
Answers 4-27
Review Questions 4-27
Chapter 5 Fibre Optics 5-1
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Principle of optical fi bre, acceptance angle
and acceptance cone 5-1
5.3 Numerical aperture (NA) 5-4
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vi Contents
5.4 Step index and graded index fi bres – Transmission
of signals in them 5-6
5.5 Normalized frequency (or V-number)
and modes of propagation 5-9
5.6 Material dispersion and pulse broadening
in optical fi bres 5-10
5.7 Splicing 5-11
5.8 Connectors 5-12
5.9 Couplers 5-12
5.10 Applications of optical fi bres 5-14
Formulae 5-17
Solved Problems 5-18
Multiple-choice Questions 5-23
Answers 5-25
Review Questions 5-26
Chapter 6 S pecial Theory of Relativity 6-1
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Absolute frame of reference and ether 6-1
6.3 Th e Michelson–Morley experiment 6-2
6.4 Postulates of special theory of relativity 6-6
6.5 Lorentz transformation of space and time 6-6
6.6 Length contraction 6-9
6.7 Time dilation 6-10
6.8 Concept of simultaneity 6-11
6.9 Addition of velocities 6-11
6.10 Variation of mass with velocity 6-13
6.11 Mass–energy equivalence 6-17
6.12 Energy and momentum relation 6-19
Formulae 6-19
Solved Problems 6-20
Multiple-choice Questions 6-24
Answers 6-25
Review Questions 6-25
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Contents vii
Chapter 7 Quantum Theory 7-1
7.1 Need and origin of quantum concept 7-1
7.2 Wave particle duality–Matter waves 7-2
7.3 Phase and group velocities 7-5
7.4 Uncertainty principle 7-8
7.5 Schrödinger’s time dependent and time
independent wave equation 7-11
7.6 Physical signifi cance of wave function 7-14
7.7 Normalization of wave function 7-15
7.8 Eigen functions and Eigen values 7-15
7.9 Particle in a potential box 7-16
Formulae 7-26
Solved Problems 7-26
Multiple-choice Questions 7-31
Answers 7-33
Review Questions 7-33
Chapter 8 Nanophysics 8-1
8.1 Introduction 8-1
8.2 Nanoscale 8-2
8.3 Surface to volume ratio 8-2
8.4 Electron confi nement 8-3
8.5 Nanomaterials 8-5
8.6 Nanoparticles (1D, 2D, 3D) 8-6
8.7 Unusual properties of nanomaterials 8-8
8.8 Fabrication of nanomaterials 8-11
8.9 Synthesis (or production) of nanomaterials 8-13
8.10 Carbon nanotubes 8-14
8.11 Applications of nanomaterials 8-17
Multiple-choice Questions 8-19
Answers 8-23
Review Questions 8-23
Solved Question Papers S-1
Index I-1
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Preface
Th e contents of Engineering Physics have been designed to cater to the needs of B.Tech. students at the
Punjab Technical University (PTU), Punjab. Th e book follows a simple narrative style with empha-
sis on clarity. Th e concepts are treated rigorously to help students gain a deep seated understanding
of the key elements intrinsic to the subject. To this end, a list of important formulae, solved prob-
lems, multiple-choice questions and review questions have been included at the end of each chapter.
Th ese pedagogical elements would prepare the student-reader to face both internal tests and term-end
examinations with ease. Further, a collection of previous years’ university question papers with solu-
tions are included to enhance the book’s value as an undergraduate text.
Engineering Physics deals with the physics of substances that are of practical utility. Th is book
focuses on the complete PTU syllabus that includes EM waves and Dielectrics, Magnetic Materials
and Superconductivity, Elements of crystallography, Lasers, Fiber Optics, Special Th eory of Relativity,
Quantum Th eory and Nanophysics.
I hope this book will be benefi cial to both students and teachers of physics at various engineering
colleges. Comments, feedback and suggestions for the improvement of this book are welcome. Any
error that may have crept into the book inadvertently may kindly be brought to my notice or to that
of the publisher.
Mani Naidu
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