Engineering Optics 2.0: A Revolution in Optical Theories, Materials, Devices and Systems

701 Pages·2019·50.467 MB·English

by  Xiangang Luo

Xiangang Luo
Engineering
Optics 2.0
A Revolution in Optical Theories,
Materials, Devices and Systems
Engineering Optics 2.0
Xiangang Luo
Engineering Optics 2.0
A Revolution in Optical Theories, Materials,
Devices and Systems
123
Xiangang Luo
State Key Laboratoryof Optical
Technologies onNano-Fabrication
andMicro-Engineering
Institute of Optics andElectronics
ChineseAcademy of Sciences
Chengdu,Sichuan, China
ISBN978-981-13-5754-1 ISBN978-981-13-5755-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5755-8
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Foreword I
Acrossthewholehistoryofmodernsciencesandtechnologies,newdiscoveriesand
innovations are always the great sources of scientific advancement. This is par-
ticularlytrueforopticsanditsengineeringapplications.Attheturnofthecentury,a
series of unusual optical phenomena in subwavelength patterned structures have
been discovered. For instance, the extraordinary optical transmission through
subwavelength hole arrays discovered by Thomas Ebbesen et al. has marked the
emergenceofanewareacalledplasmonics.Since2003,theextraordinaryYoung’s
double-slit interference phenomena have revealed the short wavelength and locali-
zed phase-shifting mechanism of meta-surface waves, which cannot be explained
by traditional geometric and physical optics. Based on these phenomena, a couple
of new theories that break the limits of conventional optical laws have been
established. Meanwhile, novel optical materials, devices, and optical systems have
beendevelopedwithperformancesfarbeyondtheirtraditionalcounterparts.Taking
the super-resolution lithography as an excellent example, with plasmonic super-
lenses, hyperlenses, and cavity lenses, one could realize 22 nm resolution at an
operating wavelength of 365 nm, which is about one magnitude smaller than that
ofthestate-of-the-arttechnologyforprojectionlithography(*230nmresolution).
Ifwetakeacloselookatthehistoryofmodernoptics,thesubwavelengthoptical
engineering can be said to be the third generation of optical revolution. Practically
speaking,thefirstrevolutionofmodernopticsisthetransformationfromgeometric
opticstophysicaloptics,whichwasmarkedbythefamousdouble-slitinterference
experiment conducted by Thomas Young in 1801. The second revolution is the
quantum optics, which uses semiclassical and quantum-mechanical physics to
investigate phenomena involving light and its interactions with matter at atomic
levels. Coincidently, it was Young’s double-slit interference of single electrons,
whichliesattheheartofquantumoptics,asstatedbyRichardFeynman.Now,the
subwavelength Young’s interference has opened up a complete new door toward
the gap between classical and quantum optics. Considering the great success of
subwavelengthopticalengineeringinrecentdecades,itistherighttimetosaythat
the third optical revolution, which was termed Engineering Optics 2.0, has started.
The foundation of this area is formally marked by two publications entitled
v
vi ForewordI
Subwavelength Artificial Structures: Opening a New Era for Engineering Optics
and Engineering Optics 2.0: A Revolution in Optical Materials, Devices, and
Systems.
This book is a timely and comprehensive milestone devoted to Engineering
Optics2.0.Thebackgrounds,motivations,newphenomena,theories,technologies,
and rudimentary applications, such as super-resolution imaging and lithography,
flat optics, perfect light absorbers, and radiators, have been discussed in details. It
can also serve very well as a versatile handbook or reference for researchers and
students in optical engineering.
Singapore Minghui Hong
PhD., FSEng, FOSA, FSPIE, FIAPLE & FIES
Professor, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering
Director, Optical Science and Engineering Centre
National University of Singapore
Chairman, Phaos Technology Pte Ltd
Foreword II
Engineering optics is an old discipline that deals with the basic properties of light
and their applications in imaging, display, data storage, remote sensing, telecom-
munication, and many others. During the past half century, engineering optics has
experienced rapid progress owing to the inventions of many revolutionary tools
such as lasers and electronic computers. Especially with the significant develop-
ment in fabrication and computing capacity during the recent several decades, it
wasfoundthatmanyclassicopticallaws,includingthediffractionlimit,theSnell’s
law, the Fresnel’s equations, could be generalized if the permittivity and perme-
ability varyrapidly across aspace smaller than thewavelength.Thishasledtothe
formation of three important research directions named photonic crystals, plas-
monics, and metamaterials. In 2010, all these three ones were listed in the 23
milestones in the history of photons, along with other famous ones such as
Maxwell’s equations, special relativity, and lasers. It is believed that the third
generation of optical revolution is coming. As a pioneer and an internationally
leading authority on this topic, Prof. Xiangang Luo proposed an initiative called
EngineeringOptics2.0,aspartoftheeffortstoturnthegroundbreakingtheoretical
advances topracticalproducts.LikeWeb2.0andArtificialIntelligence 2.0,which
transform thenormformsofInternetandartificialintelligence,EngineeringOptics
2.0 has opened up a new era for industrial applications of optics.
Historically, Engineering Optics 2.0 was triggered by the observation of many
extraordinary physical effects such as the photonic bandgap, negative refraction,
extraordinary optical transmission (EOT), and extraordinary Young’s interference
(EYI). Taking the EYI as an example, the two extraordinary interference effects
discovered in 2003 and 2007 (see more details in a recent review published in
Advances in Optics and Photonics entitled Subwavelength interference of light on
structured surfaces) are the key to realize sub-diffraction-limited imaging and flat
optical elements and systems based on localized phase shift. They have played
groundbreaking roles in the next-generation engineering optics, just like their
counterparts in classic wave optics and quantum physics. It is well known that the
Young’sinterferenceofphotonsdirectlydemonstratedthewavenatureoflightand
closed the debate on the character of light. Meanwhile, the double-slit interference
vii
viii ForewordII
of single electrons is the key to understand quantum physics. As a collective
combination ofphotons andelectrons, the surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs)lie at
the heart of subwavelength optics, which will also find far-reaching implications.
Thisbookisasystematicinvestigationofthehistory,theories,andtechnologies
involved in Engineering Optics 2.0. Although the research area is still expanding,
thispositivecontributionwilldefinitelyprovidethereadersextraordinarilyenlarged
views and clear guidelines.
Melbourne, Australia Min Gu
RMIT University
Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and
the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences
and Engineering
ForeignFellowoftheChineseAcademyofEngineering
AIP, OSA, SPIE, InstP, IEEE Fellow
Preface
During the past few decades, benefited from the rapid development of subwave-
lengthstructuredmaterials,micro-/nanofabricationandcharacterizationtechniques,
electronic computer and advanced algorithms, modern engineering optics has
entered a new phase, termed Engineering Optics 2.0 (EO 2.0), where fundamental
limitations of classic optical laws involving reflection, refraction, diffraction,
absorption,andradiationcouldbedefeated.TheveryfirsttimewhenIwasattracted
by the subwavelength structures was in 2003, when I was doing Young’s double-
slit interference experiment with metallic nanoslits. By exciting the strongly
localized plasmonic modes, I found that many commonsense optical laws are not
validinthesubwavelengthscale.Theseextraordinaryphenomenaopenedawealth
ofnewresearchdirectionsinthesubsequentinvestigations.In2017,fourteenyears
aftertheextraordinaryYoung’sinterferencewasdiscovered,Ithoughtitmightbea
proper time to write a book on this topic, since the optical components, function-
alities,andarchitecturesbasedonsubwavelengthstructureshavebeenexperiencing
considerablerevolutions.OneofthemostsignificantcharacteristicsofEO2.0isits
flat nature. The gradient metasurface lenses could generalize the classic laws of
reflection and refraction on a flat surface, providing a promising alternative to
traditional curved lenses and mirrors.
Whilethisbookbynomeansencompassesalltheworkorpublicationsrelatedto
this topic, I hope that the theme covered here provides a fairly comprehensive
overview of the main issues of EO 2.0 to offer sufficient references to senior-level
undergraduates or graduate students. First of all, a brief history of traditional
engineering optics (i.e., EO 1.0) based on classic optical theories and technologies
is reviewed. The great challenges of EO 1.0 and the opportunities and approaches
enabledbysubwavelengthartificialstructureswerethen discussed inChap.1.The
theoretical backgrounds and the fundamental principles of EO 2.0, including gen-
eralizeddiffractiontheory,generalizedlawsofrefractionandreflection,generalized
absorption and radiation theory, are presented in Chap. 2. The material basis,
modeling, and simulation methodology, as well as fabrication methods, are,
respectively,discussedinChaps.3,4,and5.AsimportantbranchesofEO2.0,the
sub-diffraction-limited microscopy, lithography, and telescopy are introduced in
ix
x Preface
Chaps. 6, 7, and 8. Various planar metalenses and meta-mirrors based on gener-
alized laws of reflection and refraction and their applications in imaging, optical
field generation and manipulation, structural color and meta-holography are
depicted in Chaps. 9, 10, and 11. The polarization manipulation, detection, and
imaging based on anisotropic and chiral artificial materials are presented in
Chap. 12. Perfect light absorption and its applications in solar cells and biological
sensing are discussed in Chap. 13. Thermal radiation engineering and its applica-
tions in thermophotovoltaic, daytime radiative cooling, thermal cloak, and
camouflage are depicted in Chap. 14. Also, novel light-emitting diode, nanolasers,
and optical phased arrays are presented in this chapter. In each chapter, the cor-
responding limits and shortages in EO 1.0 are firstly discussed and then more
attentions are paid on the recent development in EO 2.0.
Thisbookwouldneverhavebeenpossiblewithoutanumberofindividualswho
providedassistanceandsupport.SpecialthankstoProf.XichengLu,Prof.Bingkun
Zhou,Prof.ZuyanXu,Prof. JishenLi,Prof. HequanWu,Prof. YueguangLv,and
Prof. Guozhen Yang for their help. I would also like to thank my students who
assisted in the revision of many chapters.
Chengdu, China Xiangang Luo
2018