Engineering Heat Transfer

344 Pages·2010·5.65 MB·English

by  Donatello Annaratone (auth.)

Engineering Heat Transfer

Donatello Annaratone
Engineering Heat Transfer
123
Prof.DonatelloAnnaratone
ViaCeradini,14
20129Milano
Italy
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-03931-7 e-ISBN978-3-642-03932-4
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-03932-4
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009938931
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Preface
After the publication of “Pressure Vessel Design” and “Steam Generators” by
SpringerVerlagwhichwerewrittenforfieldexperts,Idecidedtowriteageneralist
textbook.
It is designed for anybody interested in heat transmission, including scholars,
designersandstudents,insteadofexpertsofaspecificfield.
Twocriteriaconstitutethefoundationofallmypublicationsincludingthepresent
one.
The first one consists of indispensable scientific rigour without theoretical
exasperation. The second criterion is to deliver practical solutions to operational
problems.
Admirable theoretical studies stand out because of their scientific rigor and
depth. Unfortunately, though, at times they have little impact on design require-
ments because they either refer to schemata too remote from actual phenomena,
orbecausetheobtainedresultsdifferfromtheoutcomederivedfromexperimental
data.
Inaddition,heattransferinvolvesquitecomplexphenomena,andtypicallytheory
iseithermissingortoogenerictobeappliedtooperationalscenarios.Therefore,itis
sometimesnecessarytoadoptempiricalcomputationcriteria.Thesearelessstriking
thanatheoreticaldiscourse,butcertainlymoreusefultothedesigner.
Moreover, in my opinion the inclusion of these theoretical studies would have
strengthenedthescientificfoundationofthispublication,yetwithoutprovidingthe
readerwithfurtherapplicableknow-how.
The second criterion is fulfilled through equations grounded on scientific rigor,
aswellasaseriesofapproximatedequations,leadingtoconvenientandpractically
acceptable solutions, and through diagrams and tables. When a practical case is
close to a well defined theoretical solution, we discuss corrective factors to offer
simpleandcorrectsolutionstotheproblem.
AfterabriefintroductioninChap.1,heattransferbyconductioninbothsteady
andunsteadystateisexaminedinChap.2aswellasChap.3.
Chapter 4 develops the dimensional analysis as an indispensable premise to
Chap.5withitsfocusonheattransferbyconvection.
Chapter6analyzesheattransferbyradiationincludingradiationbyflame.
v
vi Preface
Chapter7illustratestherequiredbehaviorwhenexaminingheattransferinheat
exchangers,aswellastubebanks.
Chapter8discussespressuredropsindetail.
Appendix A shows a series of Tables relative to thermal characteristics of the
materials.
AppendixBincludesaseriesofTablesaboutthecorrectivefactorstobeadopted
toobtaintherealvalueofthemeantemperaturedifferenceindesigncomputation.
AppendixCincludesaseriesofTablesaboutthecorrectivefactorstobeadopted
to obtain the real value of the exit temperature of the heating fluid in verification
computation.
Hopefullythegoaltoofferthereaderarelativelyeasyandusefulreferenceand
toprovidethedesigneravaluabletoolwaspartlyaccomplished.
Italy DonatelloAnnaratone
Contents
1 IntroductiontoHeatTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 GeneralConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ModesofHeatTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 LawsofHeatTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 OverallHeatTransferCoefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 SteadyConduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 ConductionthroughaPlaneWall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 ConductionthroughaPlaneMultiwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 ConductionthroughaCylindricalWall . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 ConductionthroughaCylindricalMultiwall . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6 ConductionthroughaSphericalWall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.7 ConductionthroughLiquidsandGases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 TransientConduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 GeneralLawofThermalConduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 SurfaceTemperatureVariationinInfiniteThicknessWalls . . . 34
3.4 SurfaceTemperatureVariationinFiniteThicknessWalls . . . . 38
3.5 ImmersedPlaneWallinFluidatDifferentTemperature . . . . . 44
3.6 TransientConductioninTubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.7 Fourier’sNumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 DimensionalAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2 ThreeMethodstoFindDimensionlessGroups . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.1 AlgebraicMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
vii
viii Contents
4.2.2 UseofDifferentialEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.3 Geometric,KinematicalandDynamicalSimilitude . . 58
4.3 TheoryofModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1 TypesofMotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 PhysicalCharacteristicsofFluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2.1 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.2.2 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2.3 FlueGas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.3 NaturalConvection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3.1 PlaneVerticalWallandVerticalTubes . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3.2 HorizontalCylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3.3 HorizontalPlanePlates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.4 InterspaceBetweentwoPlaneWalls . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4 ForcedConvectionInsidetheTubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4.1 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.4.2 SuperheatedSteam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.4.3 MineralOils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.4.4 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.4.5 DifferentKindsofGas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.5 HeatTransferintheInitialSection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.6 SpecialInstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.6.1 AnnularInterspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.6.2 PlaneWall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.7 LaminarMotionintheTubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.8 ForcedConvectionOutsideaTubeBank. . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.8.2 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.8.3 VariousTypesofGasandSuperheatedSteam . . . . . 113
5.9 ComparisonBetweenIn-LineandStaggeredArrangement . . . 115
5.10 HeatTransfertoaSingleTube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.11 HeatTransfertoFinnedTubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.12 BoilingLiquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.12.1 BoilingLiquidsOutsidetheTubes . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.12.2 BoilingLiquidsInsidetheTubes . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.13 CondensingVapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2 TheLawsofRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.1 Planck’sLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.2 Wien’sLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.2.3 Stefan-Boltzmann’sLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2.4 Kirchhoff’sLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Contents ix
6.2.5 Lambert’Law–BlackBodiesArrangedinany
WhichWay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3 PlaneSurfacesFacingEachOther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.4 BodyCompletelyContainedinAnotherBody . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5 SolarRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.6 FlameRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.7 FlameRadiationandConvection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.8 RadiationofCO andSteam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2
7 HeatExchangersandTubeBanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2 MeanLogarithmicTemperatureDifference . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.3 MeanSpecificHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.3.1 WaterandSuperheatedSteam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.3.2 AirandOtherGases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.4 DesignCalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.5 TheMeanDifferenceinTemperatureinReality . . . . . . . . . 199
7.5.1 FluidswithCrossFlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.5.2 HeatExchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.5.3 Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.5.4 Tube Bank with Various Passages of the
ExternalFluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.6 VerificationCalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.6.1 GeneralConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.6.2 FluidsinParallelFloworinCounterflow . . . . . . . 209
7.6.3 Factor(cid:2) inRealCases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8 PressureDrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.2 DistributedPressureDrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.2.1 TurbulentMotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.2.2 LaminarMotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.3 ConcentratedPressureDrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8.4 PressureDropsthroughTubeBanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.5 PressureDropinFinnedTubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
A ThermalCharacteristicsofMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
B CorrectiveFactorsfortheDesignComputationinRealCases . . . 275
C CorrectiveFactorsfortheVerificationComputationinRealCases 299
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325