Table Of ContentEngineering Geophysics
Engineering Geophysics connects onshore geotechnical engineering challenges to the
geophysical methods that may be applied to solve them. Unknown geological conditions are
a risk in construction projects, and geophysical information can help to identify those risks.
The book answers questions on how, why, and when the individual and combined methods
provide the results requested. Flowcharts guide the reader to geophysical methods that can
be applied for various engineering challenges, and the solutions are illustrated with practical
case histories.
The book is intended mainly for geotechnical engineers and geologists but also for
geophysicists or managers in need of an overview or brushup on geophysical methods and
their practical applications. In addition, it can be used by educational institutions in courses
both for geotechnical engineers and geologists.
Engineering Geophysics
Edited by
Anna Bondo Medhus and Lone Klinkby
Cover image: Anna Bondo Medhus and Lone Klinkby
First published 2023
by CRC Press/Balkema
Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.routledge.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Anna Bondo Medhus and Lone Klinkby; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of Anna Bondo Medhus and Lone Klinkby to be identifed as the authors of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the
information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any
damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/
or the information contained herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Medhus, Anna Bondo, editor. | Klinkby, Lone, editor.
Title: Engineering geophysics / edited by Anna Bondo Medhus, Lone Klinkby.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2023] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2022022719 (print) | LCCN 2022022720 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032026886 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032026985 (pbk) |
ISBN 9781003184676 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Engineering geology. | Geophysics.
Classifcation: LCC TA705 .E526 2023 (print) | LCC TA705 (ebook) |
DDC 624.1/51—dc23/eng/20220908
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022022719
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022022720
ISBN: 978-1-032-02688-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-02698-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-18467-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003184676
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Editors xi
List of contributors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
LONE KLINKBY AND ANNA BONDO MEDHUS
2 Scope of work 21
ANNA BONDO MEDHUS AND LONE KLINKBY
3 Relationship between geotechnical and geophysical methods 29
MICHAEL LONG
4 Gravimetric method 53
OLIVIER FRANCIS
5 Magnetometry method 59
JOANNA HAMLYN
6 Direct current resistivity methods 67
DOUGLAS W. OLDENBURG, SEOGI KANG, LINDSEY J. HEAGY,
AND MICHAEL MAXWELL
7 Electromagnetic methods 77
NIELS BØIE CHRISTENSEN
8 Ground penetrating radar 87
MATTEO ROSSI
9 Refection seismic methods 95
RICHARD D. MILLER
vi Contents
10 Seismic refraction methods 107
COLIN A. ZELT
11 Surface wave methods 117
JULIAN IVANOV
12 Case: mapping potential unexploded ordnance (UXO) 129
JOANNA HAMLYN
13 Case: geophysical investigation to delineate landfll 133
JOANNA HAMLYN
14 Case: 3D GPR in the inner yard at Frederiksborg Castle 137
OLE FRITS NIELSEN AND SØREN WEDEL NIELSEN
15 Case: mapping of utilities when developing at an old coal storage facility 141
PETER THOMSEN
16 Case: near-surface electromagnetic survey to support the design
of urban development plans 145
PETER THOMSEN
17 Case: archaeological investigation to identify a Romano-British
farmstead using magnetic gradiometry 149
JOANNA HAMLYN
18 Case: integrated geophysical survey to locate buried structures 151
JOANNA HAMLYN
19 Case: total feld magnetometry to locate buried foundations 155
JOANNA HAMLYN
20 Case: utility mapping with GPR at Copenhagen Harbour 157
OLE FRITS NIELSEN AND SØREN WEDEL NIELSEN
21 Case: thickness of peat and depth to bedrock for road
construction using ground penetrating radar 161
JAANA GUSTAFSSON
22 Case: multidisciplinary geophysical investigation for a new
railway track in Norway 165
ROGER WISÉN, ANDERS ALMHOLT, AND FREDRIK OLSEN
Contents vii
23 Case: road maintenance and ground frost 171
JAANA GUSTAFSSON
24 Case: depth to bedrock detection by integration of airborne EM
data with sparse geotechnical drilling data for early phase road
alignment 175
CRAIG W. CHRISTENSEN, GURO H. SKURDAL, ANDI A. PFAFFHUBER,
AND MARTIN PANZNER
25 Case: delineation of aggregates gravels, sands, and silts using
electrical resistivity tomography 181
CHRISTOPHER PHILLIPS
26 Case: delineation of material type for use in ready-mix concrete 185
BARRY BALDING
27 Case: mapping railroad ballast and geology using ground
penetrating radar 187
JAANA GUSTAFSSON
28 Case: assessing loose soils for tower cable anchors using
electrical resistivity 191
FERN WEBB
29 Case: delineation of soft soils and bedrock depth using
integrated methods 195
MICHAEL MAXWELL
30 Case: high-defnition bedrock depth and conditions for urban
construction project site evaluation in Switzerland using seismic
refraction with combined GRM and tomographic approach 201
PIER VITTORIO RADOGNA, CHRISTOPHE VERGNIAULT, AND DAVID DUPUY
31 Case: paleo-channel investigation for seepage pathway potentials 205
DANIEL E. KRAMER
32 Case: near-surface electromagnetic survey to support the design
of climate adaptation in urban development plans 209
PETER THOMSEN
33 Case: geophysical investigation of slope stability using electrical
resistivity tomography, seismic refraction, and surface waves 213
JOANNA HAMLYN
viii Contents
34 Case: integrated geophysical investigation to map a landslip 217
JOANNA HAMLYN
35 Case: mapping of quick clay risk by electrical resistivity
tomography (ERT) 221
TORLEIF DAHLIN
36 Case: quick clay volume delineation based on AEM resistivity,
geotechnical soundings, and lab samples 227
CRAIG W. CHRISTENSEN, ANDI A. PFAFFHUBER, GURO H. SKURDAL,
AND MARTIN PANZNER
37 Case: depth to bedrock and weak zone detection for tunnel
design under water passages 233
TORLEIF DAHLIN, MATHIAS RONCZKA, AND ROGER WISÉN
38 Case: 3D model of depth to bedrock for a new train tunnel under
the capital of Norway 239
FREDRIK OLSEN, ANDERS ALMHOLT, AND ROGER WISÉN
39 Case: screening for ground risk ahead of tunnel design and
construction activities 243
JAMES RUSSELL AND EDWARD COX
40 Case: geometrical complex ground model for large industrial
construction sites: ultra-high-resolution with shear waves –
qualifcation fow and application 249
PIER VITTORIO RADOGNA AND CHRISTOPHE VERGNIAULT
41 Case: identifying weakness zones and geological boundaries
across tunnel alignments using airborne electromagnetics 255
ANNE H. RASMUSSEN, GISELLE M. LINARES, CRAIG W. CHRISTENSEN,
AND MARTIN PANZNER
42 Case: delineation of soil type, dam leakage, underground voids,
and water fow in tunnels 261
MICHAEL MAXWELL, ROBERT ESO, AND BRODIE KLUE
43 Case: pre-investigations for horizontal directional drilling
in Copenhagen 271
OLE FRITS NIELSEN, SØREN WEDEL NIELSEN, AND
SØREN STRICKER MATHIASEN
Contents ix
44 Case: mapping depth to bedrock along a planned cable route 275
BO BERGMAN, DANIEL JUUL OKHOLM, AND ANDERS EDSEN
45 Case: mapping bedrock profles for cable landings using seismic
refraction and surface waves (MASW) 279
JOANNA HAMLYN
46 Case: lake bottom investigations with ground penetrating
radar (GPR) 283
JAANA GUSTAFSSON
47 Case: pre-investigations for pipeline crossing of a stream 287
OLE FRITS NIELSEN, SØREN WEDEL NIELSEN, AND SØREN
STRICKER MATHIASEN
48 Case: delineation of palaeokarst features under a proposed
tailings facility using ERT, seismic refraction, and micro-gravity 291
BARRY BALDING
49 Case: the identifcation of leaks in tailings storage facility
impoundment dam walls using ERT and IP 295
BARRY BALDING
50 Case: groundwater vulnerability assessment for new motorway
using ERT 299
TORLEIF DAHLIN, ELISABET HAMMARLUND, AND ROGER WISÉN
Index 303
