Engineering for Structural Stability in Bridge Construction

670 Pages·2016·18.94 MB·English

Engineering for Structural
Stability in Bridge
Construction
Publication No. FHWA-NHI-15-044
NHI Course Number 130102
Reference Manual
April 2015
NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation
in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its
contents or use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a
standard, specification, or regulation.

The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or
manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the
objective of this document.

Quality Assurance Statement

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve
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Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No. NHI-15-044 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
April 2015
Engineering for Structural Stability in Bridge Construction 6. Performing Organization
Code:
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization
Michael J. Garlich, S.E., P.E.; Thomas H. Pechillo, P.E.; Jason Report No.
M. Schneider, P.E., S.E.; Todd A. Helwig, PhD., P.E.; Mary
Anne O’Toole, P.E.; Stan-Lee C. Kaderbek, P.E., S.E.; Michael
Grubb, P.E.; John Ashton, S.E., P.E.
9. Performing Organization on Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
Collins Engineers, Inc. 11. Contract or Grant No.
123 North Wacker Drive, Suite 900
Chicago, Illinois 60606 DTFH61-09-T-70027
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and
Period Covered
Office of Bridge Technology
Federal Highway Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
1200 New Jersey Avenue, S.E.
Washington, DC 20590
15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract:
This manual is intended to serve as a reference. It will provide technical information which will
enable Manual users to perform the following activities:
• Describe typical erection practices for girder bridge superstructures and recognize
critical construction stages
• Discuss typical practices for evaluating structural stability of girder bridge
superstructures during early stages of erection and throughout bridge construction
• Explain the basic concepts of stability and why it is important in bridge erection
• Explain common techniques for performing advanced stability analysis along with their
advantages and limitations
• Describe how differing construction sequences effect superstructure stability
• Be able to select appropriate loads, load combinations, and load factors for use in
analyzing superstructure components during construction
• Be able to analyze bridge members at various stages of erection
• Develop erection plans that are safe and economical, and know what information is
required and should be a part of those plans
• Describe the differences between local, member and global (system) stability
17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement
Bridge construction, bridge erection, bridge
superstructures, bridge stability
19. Security Classif. (of this 20. Security Classification (of 21. No of 22. Price
report) this page) Pages
Unclassified
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
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APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS
SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL
LENGTH
in inches 25.4 millimeters mm
ft feet 0.305 meters m
yd yards 0.914 meters m
mi miles 1.61 kilometers km
AREA
in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2
ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2
yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2
ac acres 0.405 hectares ha
mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2
VOLUME
fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL
gal gallons 3.785 liters L
ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3
yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3
NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3
MASS
oz ounces 28.35 grams g
lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg
T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or Mg (or "t")
"metric ton")
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC
or (F-32)/1.8
ILLUMINATION
fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx
fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
lbf pound-force 4.45 newtons N
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lbf/in2 pound-force per square 6.89 kilopascals kPa
inch
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS
SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL
LENGTH
mm millimeters 0.039 inches in
m meters 3.28 feet ft
m meters 1.09 yards yd
km kilometers 0.621 miles mi
AREA
mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2
m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2
m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2
ha hectares 2.47 acres ac
km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2
VOLUME
mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz
L liters 0.264 gallons gal
m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3
m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3
MASS
g grams 0.035 ounces oz
kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb
Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T
ton")
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF
ILLUMINATION
lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc
cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
N newtons 0.225 pound-force lbf
kPa kilopascals 0.145 pound-force per lbf/in2
inch2
*SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4
of ASTM E380.
(Revised March 2003)
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Engineering for Structural Stability in Bridge Construction
Report No. NHI-15-044

April 2015
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1.1
SECTION 1. MANUAL SCOPE 1.1
SECTION 2. SURVEY OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF
TRANSPORTATION 1.6
1.2.1 Survey Description ..................................................................... 1.6
1.2.2 Summary of Responses ............................................................. 1.6
CHAPTER 2 CONSTRUCTION FAILURE CASE STUDIES ....................................... 2.1
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 2.1
SECTION 2. ROUTE 17 (FUTURE I-86), NEW YORK (2010) 2.1
SECTION 3. MARCY BRIDGE, NEW YORK (2002) 2.2
SECTION 4. RED MOUNTAIN FREEWAY, ARIZONA (2007) 2.5
SECTION 5. EAST BOUND I-80/94 TO NORTH BOUND IL 394, RAMP J 2.7
2.5.1 General Description ................................................................... 2.7
2.5.2 Ramifications of Collapse ........................................................ 2.12
SECTION 6. I-70 BRIDGE, COLORADO (2004) 2.12
SECTION 7. SR69 OVER THE TENNESSEE RIVER (1995) 2.15
SECTION 8. SOUVENIR BOULEVARD BRIDGE, QUEBEC (2000) 2.18
SECTION 9. QUEBEC BRIDGE OVER ST. LAWRENCE (1907) 2.19
SECTION 10. I-80 GIRDER FAILURE (2005) 2.23
SECTION 11. CASE STUDIES – STEEL BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE FAILURES
DURING ERECTION OUTSIDE OF NORTH AMERICA 2.25
2.11.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 2.25
2.11.2 Fourth Danube Bridge .............................................................. 2.26
2.11.3 Cleddau Bridge ........................................................................ 2.27
2.11.4 West Gate Bridge ..................................................................... 2.28
2.11.5 Rhine Bridge ............................................................................ 2.30
2.11.6 Zeulenroda Bridge ................................................................... 2.32
SECTION 12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2.32
CHAPTER 3 TYPICAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE ................................. 3.1
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 3.1
SECTION 2. ERECTION SEQUENCING 3.1
3.2.1 Site Conditions ........................................................................... 3.1
3.2.2 Girder Shipping .......................................................................... 3.1
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3.2.3 Erection Sequence ..................................................................... 3.3
3.2.3.1 Initial Preparation ..................................................................3 .3
3.2.3.2 Steel Girder Bridges ..............................................................3 .5
3.2.3.3 Concrete Girder Bridges ........................................................3 .7
SECTION 3. GIRDER HANDLING 3.10
3.3.1 Center of Gravity ...................................................................... 3.10
3.3.2 Rigging for Straight and Curved Steel Girders ......................... 3.11
3.3.3 Rigging for Concrete Girders ................................................... 3.12
3.3.4 Local Stresses from Beam Clamps .......................................... 3.13
3.3.5 Lifting Beams & Spreader Beams ............................................ 3.14
3.3.7 Bolting Procedures ................................................................... 3.17
3.3.8 Field Welding Considerations .................................................. 3.18
3.3.9 Concrete Girders ...................................................................... 3.18
SECTION 4. CRANES 3.19
3.4.1 Typical Crane Data .................................................................. 3.19
3.4.2 Holding Cranes ........................................................................ 3.25
3.4.3 Soil Pressures and Structures Influenced by Crane Location .. 3.26
SECTION 5. BRACING 3.27
3.5.1 Girder Bracing .......................................................................... 3.27
3.5.2 Temporary Bracing and Hold Downs ....................................... 3.29
3.5.2.1 Chain Down to Standard Bearings ...................................... 3.30
3.5.2.2 Erecting on Multi-Rotational Bearings ................................. 3.36
3.5.2.3 Bracing to Adjacent Structures – Phased Construction ....... 3.37
3.5.2.4 Uplift Hold-Down ................................................................. 3.38
SECTION 6. SHORING TOWERS 3.39
SECTION 7. DECK CONSTRUCTION 3.42
3.7.1 Placing Sequence .................................................................... 3.42
3.7.2 Overhang Brackets .................................................................. 3.43
SECTION 8. BRIDGE DEMOLITION 3.48
SECTION 9. SUMMARY 3.49
CHAPTER 4 STABILITY FUNDAMENTALS ............................................................... 4.2
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 4.2
SECTION 2. GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS AND RESIDUAL
STRESSES 4.3
SECTION 3. COLUMN BUCKLING 4.8
4.3.1 Flexural Buckling ........................................................................ 4.9
4.3.2 Torsional Buckling .................................................................... 4.13
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