Table Of ContentCopyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
FOR HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION “NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL UNIVERSITY”
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL BUILDING, TRANSPORT AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ANDREY BRATSIKHIN, MARIA SHPAK, SERGEY KRASSA
А. А. Брацихин, М. А. Шпак, С. И. Красса
ENGINEERING DRAWING
TEXTBOOK
for international students
in OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING and CIVIL ENGINEERING
ИНЖЕНЕРНАЯ ГРАФИКА
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
(КУРС ЛЕКЦИЙ)
Stavropol
2015
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
УДК 514.18 (075.8) Published according
ББК 22. 151. 3 я73 to the Decision of Academic
Б 87 North-Caucasus Federal University
Reviewers:
Sergey Babenishev – Professor of Mechanical Engineering
and Technological Equipment Department at North Caucasus Federal University, Dr.Eng.,
Vladimir Samoylenko – Associate Professor of Automatic, Electronic Engineering,
and Metrology Department at Stavropol State Agrarian University, PhD
Engineering Drawing: textbook / authors: Andrey Bratsikhin, Maria Shpak, Sergey
Krassa. – Stavropol: Рublisher NCFU, 2015. – 104 p.
Брацихин А. А., Шпак М. А., Красса С. И.
Инженерная графика: учебное пособие (курс лекций). – Ставрополь: Изд-во СКФУ,
2015. – 104 с.
ISBN 978-5-9296-0768-4
Textbook is generated according to the requirements of Federal State Standard for Higher
Education for Bachelor’s Degree students.
Established on meeting of Mechanical Engineering and Technological Equipment Depart-
ment (Minute №3 at the 30th of March, 2015) for students taught the program 21.03.01 - Oil and
Gas Engineering, and 08.03.01 – Civil Engineering.
УДК 514.18 (075.8)
ББК 22. 151. 3 я73
Authors:
Andrey Bratsikhin – Head of Mechanical Engineering
and Technological Equipment Department NCFU, Dr.Eng.
Maria Shpak – Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering
and Technological Equipment Department NCFU, PhD.
Sergey Krassa – Associate Professor of Linguistics
and Linguodidactics Department NCFU, PhD.
ISBN 978-5-9296-0768-4 © North Caucasus Federal University, 2015
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BASIC RULES OF MAKING DRAWING…………………………………………….. 5
1.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.2. Drawing equipment and tools ……………………………………………………... 6
1.3. Lettering …………………………………………………………………………... 12
1.4. Lines on drawing ………………………………………………………………….. 14
1.5. Scales ……………………………………………………………………………… 16
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 17
2. SECTIONS AND OTHER CONVENTIONS ………………………………………….. 18
2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 18
2.2. Hatching of the section areas ……………………………………………………… 18
2.3. Section view ………………………………………………………………………. 20
2.4. Sections …………………………………………………………………………… 24
2.5. Views of the object ……………………………………………………………….. 26
2.6. Making an inclined section view or section ……………………………………… 28
2.7. Removed Elements on a Larger Scale ……………………………………………. 30
2.8. Additional requirements …………………………………………………………... 31
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 33
3. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF THE OBJECT’S ELEMENTS …..…… 35
3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 35
3.2. Threaded elements ………………………………………………………………… 35
3.3. Representation of Springs on Technical Drawings ……………………………… 38
3.4. Conventional representation of gears on technical drawings …………………….. 40
3.5. Conventional representation of splined connection on technical drawings ……. 43
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 45
4. DIMENSIONING ON TECHNICAL DRAWING …………………………………….. 46
4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 46
4.2. General principles …………………………………………………………………. 46
4.3. Methods of dimensioning …………………………………………………………. 49
4.4. Indication dimension values on drawing …………………………………………. 53
4.5. Radius, diameter and square dimensioning ………………………………………. 56
4.6. Special indication …………………………………………………………………. 59
4.7. Indication of levels ………………………………………………………………... 63
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 63
5. INDICATION OF TOLERANCES ON TECHNICAL DRAWING ………………….. 65
5.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 65
5.2. Indication of the tolerance and fit ………………………………………………… 66
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 70
6. INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON TECHNICAL DRAWING ………. 71
6.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 71
6.2. Indication of surface roughness ………………………………………………….. 71
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 75
7. INDICATION OF GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCE ON TECHNICAL DRAWING …. 76
7.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 76
7.2. Indication of the geometrical tolerances …………………………………………. 77
7.3. Indication of datum on technical drawing ……………………………………….. 79
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 81
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8. REPRESENTATION OF WELDS ON TECHNICAL DRAWING …………………… 82
8.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 82
8.2. Indication of the welds ……………………………………………………………. 83
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 88
9. AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS ……………………………………………………. 89
9.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 89
9.2. Isometric projection ………………………………………………………………. 89
9.3. Diametric projection ………………………………………………………………. 90
9.4. Oblique frontal diametric projection ……………………………………………… 91
9.5. Hatching of the axonometric projections …………………………………………. 92
Questions ………………………………………………………………………………. 93
10. BLENDING OF LINES AND CURVES ……………………………………………... 94
GLOSSARY ………………………………………………………………………………. 100
LIST OF REFERENCE LINKS …………………………………………………………... 102
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1. BASIC RULES OF MAKING DRAWING
1.1. Introduction
Engineering drawing is the part of chain that connects mathematics and physics with the
technical science. The theoretical basis of making engineering drawings is Descriptive geometry.
Drawing is one of the most widely used forms of graphic communication. Drawings, pho-
tographs, slides, transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic communication. A drawing
is a graphic representation of an object (building, equipment, machine and etc.), or a part of it
(unit, detail). Drawing is one of the oldest forms of communication, dating back even older than
verbal communication. The drawing itself is a way of all necessary information transfer, such as
an idea or a concept or a graphic representation of some real entity, such as a machine part, house
or tools.
There are two basic types of drawings: Artistic and Technical drawings.
1.1.1. Artistic drawings
Artistic drawings range in scope from the simplest line drawing to the most famous paint-
ings (Figure 1.1a). Artistic drawings are used to express the feelings, beliefs, philosophies, and
ideas of the artist. In order to understand an artistic drawing, it is sometimes necessary to first un-
derstand the artist.
1.1.2. Technical drawings
The technical drawing does not require an understanding of its creator, only an understand-
ing of technical drawings. A technical drawing is a means of clearly and concisely communi-
cating all of the information necessary to transform an idea or a concept into reality. Therefore, a
technical drawing often contains more than just a graphic representation of its subject. It also con-
tains dimensions, notes and specifications (Figure 1.1 b).
a) b)
Figure 1.1 Types of drawings: a) artistic drawing; b) technical drawing
Technical drawings are based on the fundamental principles of projections, which were
studied in course of descriptive geometry.
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Any object that is to be manufactured, assembled, constructed, built, or subjected to any
other types of conversion process must designed first. For example, a house must be designed
before it can be built.
1.2. Drawing equipment and tools
Some special instruments and tools are needed to record the graphical information. First of
all it is a paper and drawing instrument (pencil, pen, color chalk, and etc.). For engineering pur-
pose the drawing must be clear, neat and legible. Hence it is extremely important for engineers to
have good speed, accuracy, legibility and neatness in the drawing work.
1.2.1. Drawing paper
Drawing paper is the sheet of paper, on which drawing is to be made. All engineering draw-
ings are made on sheets of paper of strictly defined sizes, which are set forth in the Russian
standards. These are adapted from what is followed by International Standards Organization
(ISO). The ISO most recommended paper sizes for technical drawings are known as A-
FORMATS. Other series, like the B-Series, are of lesser importance.
In the A-Format series, the largest size is A0. The size of an A1 paper is half the size of A0
while A2 is half the size of A1 and so forth. Note that a higher order paper size (which is always
smaller in size) is obtained by simply halving the preceding size along its longer side. For tech-
nical drawings A4 is considered to be the smallest paper size. Smaller-sized A-Format papers
(i.e. A5, A6, etc.) are very rarely used for technical drawings.
Note that format A4 is exclusively used in an upright position. The other formats (which
are lager in size than A4) may be used in an upright position or horizontal position.
The Russian Standard establishes five preferred sizes for drawings that are presented in the
Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
A-Format paper sizes
A-Format designation Dimension, mm Surface area, m2
A0 1 189x841 1,000
A1 594x841 0,500
A2 594x420 0,250
A3 297x420 0,125
A4 297x210 0,062
1.2.2. Title block, borders and frames
Title block is a rectangular frame that is located at the bottom of the sheet. It is recom-
mended that space should be provided in all title blocks for such information as description of the
drawing title, dates, designer (drawer), and name of enterprise or educational institute, size
(scale).
The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right-hand corner both for
sheets positioned horizontally or vertically. The Russian Standard title block can have a maxi-
mum length of 185 mm providing the information that is presented in the Figure 1.2.
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
a)
b)
c)
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
d)
Figure 1.2. Title blocks for drawings: a) title block for the first sheet of drawing; b) title block
for the second and followed sheets of drawing; c) title block for civil engineering drawings;
d) ISO 7200:2004 Title block 1
For ISO 7200:2004 the total width is 170 or 180 mm for an A4 sheet, with the left margin being
20 mm and the right margin 10 mm. The same title block is used for all paper sizes (Figure 1.2 d).
Borders enclosed by the edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame limiting the drawing
space must be provided with all sizes. It is recommended that these borders have the following
width: 20 mm – from the left edge, and 5 mm – from the other edges of sheet (Figure 1.3).
A4 A3
Figure 1.3. Layout of sheet for engineering drawing
1.2.3. Triangles (set squares)
Set squares are used to lay out the most common angles – 30°, 45°, 60°. The 45° x 45° and 30°
x 60° triangles are the most commonly used for ordinary work. They are shown in the Figure 1.4.
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Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
a) b)
Figure 1.4. Triangles or Set Squares: a) 45° x 45° triangle; b) 30° x 60° triangle
1.2.4. French curve
It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to the
shape of irregular curve.
Figure 1.5. French curves
1.2.5. Protractor
It is used for laying out and measuring angle.
Figure 1.6. Protractors
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1.2.6. Scale (Ruler)
It is a measuring instrument and it is used to draw line. Scales are available in flat and tri-
angular styles. They can be used to prepare drawings to full scale (true size, reduced scale and
enlarged scale).
Figure 1.7. Scales (rulers)
1.2.7. Pencil
A student and a professional should be equipped with a selection of good, well-sharpened
pencil (Figure 1.8) with leads of various degrees of hardness (Figure 1.9). They include: hard
range (e.g. hard black – HB) which are used for accurate layout work, medium range – for gen-
eral drawing and sketching, soft range – used exclusively for art work.
Figure 1.8. Well-sharpened pencil with recommended size of pencil lead
and recommended methods of a line drawing
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