Engineering Design Handbook - Wheeled Amphibians

426 Pages·2016·22.96 MB·English

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AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706-350
GOO
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
WHEELED
AMPHIBIANS
'~~-~~ C--
Reproduced by
B
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE -- •0
Springfield, Va. 22151
HEADQUARTERS, U.S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND JANUARY 1971
.m(cid:127) . .(cid:127)-m .z - " d (cid:127) '
Best
Avai~lable
Copy
HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20315
AMC PAMPHLET 11 January 1971
No. 706-350
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK
WHEELED AMPHIBIANS
IThis
document box been approved
for pubik release and sale; its
I
distibution Is unlimited
I..
TABLE OF CONTENTS S
Paragraph Page ,
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...... ................. xiv 4k
LIST OF TABLES ........... ............... .. xiX (cid:127)
.
LIST OF SYMBOLS .......................... ... xxii • •
PREFACE. .. .. .. ... . ........ ........ ............ xxvii t
PART ONE. BACKGROUND INFORMATION o
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1-1 Purpose of the Handbook ...................... 1-1
1-2 Definition ........ ........................ 1-1
1-3 Principal Elements of the Wheeled Amphibian ...... .1-1
1-3.1 Hull ........ .......................... 1-1
1-3.2 Propulsion System ......................... 1-1
1-3.2.1 Power Plant ........................... 1-2
1-3.2.2 Power Train ........................... 1-2 - 0 0
1-3.2.3 Propulsors ............................ 1-2
1-3.3 Suspension System ......................... 1-2
1-3.4 Steering System .......................... 1.2
1-3.5 Auxiliary Systems ......................... 1-2
1-3.5.1 Electrical System ........................ 1-3
1-3.5.2 Hydraulic System ........................ 1-3
1-3.6 Payload ........ ........................ 1-3
1-3.7 Fuel ........ .......................... 1-3
CHAPTER 2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN
OF WHEELED AMPHIBIANS
Section I. Military Requirements 0 9
_
2-1 The Military Mission and Environment ............. 2-1
2-2 Establishment of Military Requirements ............ 2-2
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AMCP 706-350 -
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Paragraph Page
2-2.1 General ........ ........................ 2-2
2-2.2 Qualitative Materiel Development Objectives
(QMDO) ....... ........................ 2-2
2-2.3 Qualitative Materiel Requirements (QMR) ....... .2-3
2-2.4 Small Development Requirements (SDR) ......... 2-3
Section II. Engineering Requirements
2-3 The Mission of Army Wheeled Amphibians .......... 2-4
2-4 Operational Requirements and Limitations .......... 2-4
2-4.1 General ........ ........................ 2-4
2-4.2 Waterborne Performance ..................... 2-5 0 0
2-4.2.1 Speed and Power ...... .................. 2-5
2-4.2.2 Maneuverability ......................... 2-5
2-4.2.3 Seakeeping ...... ..................... 2-5
2-4.3 Overland Mobility and Performance ............. 2-6
2-4.3.1 Soft-soil Mobility ........................ 2-6
2-4.3.2 Rough Ground and Obstacle Performance ....... 2-6 0 S
2-4.3.3 Slope Performance ..... ................. 2-6
2-4.3.4 Maneuverability ....... .................. 2-6
2-4.3.5 Dimensional Requirements ................. 2-6
2-4.3.6 Improved Road Performance ................ 2-7
2-4.4 River Bank Performance ...................... 2-7
2-4.5 Performance When Entering and Leaving
Landing (LST) and Dock-type (LSD) Ships ........ 2-7
2-4.6 Cargo-carrying and Handling Requirements ........ 2-7
2-5 Transportability Requirements and Limitations ..... .2-7
2-5.1 General ........ ........................ 2-7
2-5.2 Unrestricted Highway Transportability ........... 2-8
2-5.2.1 Width ....... ........................ 2-8
2-5.2.2 Height ............................... 2-8 • 5
2-5.2.3 Length. ............................... 2-8
2-5.2.4 Axle Loading ....... .................... 2-8
2-5.2.5 Gross Weight ....... .................... 2-8
2-5.3 Rail Transportability ........................ 2-8
2-5.4 Air Transportability ........................ 2-9
2-6 Climatic Environment Criteria ................... 2-9 0
2-7 Electrical System Special Regulations .............. 2-9
2-8 Special Regulations for Fuels, Lubricants, and
Hydraulic Fluids ........................... 2-9
2-9 Maintenance Requirements ..................... 2-9
2-9.1 General Considerations ...... ................ 2-9
2-9.2 Maintainability Criteria ...................... 2-9
2-9.3 Reliability Criteria ......................... 2-10
2-9.4 Use of Standard Military Components ............ 2-10
2-10 Human Factors ....... ..................... 2-11
References ........ ........................ 2-12
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AMCP 706-350 -- -
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 3. PAST AND PRESENTLY OPERATIONAL
WHEELED AMPHIBIANS
Section I. Brief History of Wheeled
Amphibian Development
3-1 General Requirements Which Led to the
Development of Recent Amphibians .............. 3-1
3-2 The Amphibious Jeep ...... .................. 3-1
3-3 The DUKW ............................... 3-1
3-4 The SUPERDUCK XM147 ..................... 3-2
3-5 The GULL XM148 .......................... 3-3
3-6 The DRAKE XM157 ......................... 3-3
3-7 The Present Family of Operational Logistic
Wheeled Amphibians ......................... 3-4 0 0
3-7.1 The LARC LX ........................... 3-5
3-7.2 The LARC V ............................. 3-6
3-7.3 The LARC XV ........................... 3-8
Section II. Tabulation of Vehicle Characteristics
*
3-8 Vehicle Characteristics of Past and Presently
Operational Wheeled Amphibians ................. 3-11
Bibliography ....... ....................... 3-18
PART TWO. DESIGN OF WHEELED AMPHIBIANS
CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN PROCESS
4-1 Phases of the Design Process ................... 4-1
4-2 Control of the Design Process ................... 4-1
4-3 Information Flow in the Design Process ............ 4-2
4-4 Organization of Design Chapters ................. 4-2
References ....... ........................ 4-2 0 _
CHAPTER 5. PARAMETRIC AND CONCEPTUAL
DESIGN STUDIES
5-1 Objective............................... 5-1
5-1.1 Basic Purpose ...... ..................... 5-1 *
5-1.2 Relation to Design Cycles .................... 5-2
5-1.3 Design Criteria ........................... 5-2
5-1.3.1 Simplicity ....... ...................... 5-2
5-1.3.2 Durability ....... ...................... 5-2
5-1.3.3 Vulnerability ....... .................... 5-2
5-1.3.4 Weight ....... ....................... 5-2
5-1.3.5 Arrangements .......................... 5-3
5-1.3.6 Safety (Human Factors) ................... 5-3
5-1.3.7 Maintainability ...... ................... 5-3
5-1.3.8 Reliability ............................. 5-3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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5-1.3.9 Availability ... ..................... 5-4
5-1.3.10 Effectiveness ....... .................... 5-4
5-1.3.11 Economy ....... ...................... 5-4
5-2 Conceptual Design Procedures ................... 5-4
5-2.1 Typical Design Inputs and Outputs .............. 5-4
5-2.2 Basic Design Iteration Cycle ................... 5-5
5-3 Size and Arrangements ........................ 5-7 0 0
5-3.1 Design Interrelationships ..... ............... 5-7
5-3.2 Area, Volume, and Arrangement Relationships . ... 5-7
5-3.3 Dimension and Coefficient Relationships ......... 5-13
5-3.3.1 Buoyancy ....... ...................... 5-14
5-3.3.2 Waterborne Stability-Intact ................. 5-16
5-3.3.3 Trim ................................ 5-17 0
5-4 Weights and Centers ...... ................... 5-17
5-4.1 Weight Equation and Weight Groups ............. 5-17
5-4.2 Weight Data ....... ...................... 5-18
5-4.2.1 Group A-Hull Structure ................... 5-18
5-4.2.2 Group B-Machinery ...... ................ 5-18
5-4.2.3 Group C-Drive Train ...................... 5-18
5-4.2.4 Group D-Marine Propulsor ................. 5-18 0 0
5-4.2.5 Group E-Running Gear and Suspension System . 5-19
5-4.2.6 Group F-Miscellaneous Systems .............. 5-21
5-4.2.7 Group M-Margins ..... ................. 5-21
5-4.2.8 Group L-Loads ....... .................. 5-21
5-4.3 Center of Gravity Locations ................... 5-22
5-4.4 Margins ....... ..................... 5-23 0
5-5 Performance and Powering ...................... 5-26
5-5.1 Basic Concepts ........................... 5-26
5-5.2 Hull and Appendage Resistance ................ 5-26
5-5.3 Propulsor and Power Required ................. 5-26
5-5.4 Land Performance ......................... 5-27
5-6 Example Calculations ......................... 5-29
References ...... ......................... .5-33
CHAPTER 6. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
6-1 Objective ........ ......................... 6-1
6-1.1 Basic Purpose ....... ..................... 6-1 0
6-1.2 Relation to the Design Cycle ................... 6-1
6-2 Procedure. ......................... 6-1
6-2.1 Typical Inputs and Outputs ................... 6-1
6-2.2 Preliminary Design Iteration Cycle .............. 6-2
6-3 Propulsion System Development ................. 6-2
6-3.1 Candidate Engines ......................... 6-2
6-3.2 Water Propulsor ....... .................... 6-4
6-3.3 Land Propulsion and Mobility ................. 6-4
6-3.4 Power Train .......................... 6-4
6-3.5 Maintainability and Reliability Considerations ..... .6-5
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Paragraph Page
6-4 Initial Hull Lines and Arrangements ........... 6-5 S
6-4.1 Engineering Approach ...................... 6-5
6-4.2 Dimension Limits and Goals .................. 6-5
6-4.3 Component Sizes and Weights ................. 6-6
6-4.3.1 Sources of Information ................... 6-6
6-4.3.2 Typical Sizes ....... .................... 6-6
6-4.4 Block Arrangement ...... .................. 6-6
6-4.5 Hull Lines ....... ....................... 6-10
6-4.5.1 Purpose of Hull Lines ..................... 6-10
6-4.5.2 Preliminary Lines Drawing ................. 6-10
6-4.5.3 Lines Development ...................... 6-10
6-5 Development of Basic Structural Design ............ 6-10
6-5.1 Forces ....... ......................... 6-11
6-5.2 Materials ............................... 6-11 0 6
6-5.3 Structural Configuration ..................... 6-11
6-5.4 Design of Basic Hull Structure ................. 6-11
6-6 Weight and Center of Gravity ................... 6-11
6-6.1 Systematic Weight Estimate ................... 6-11
6-6.2 Center of Gravity Estimate ................... 6-14
6-7 Waterborne Performance ...................... 6-15 S 0
6-7.1 Speed and Power ...... ................... 6-15
6-7.2 Statical Stability and Trim ................... 6-15
6-7.3 Seakeeping and Maneuverability ................ 6-15
6-8 Land Performance ....... .................... 6-28
6-8.1 Speed and Tractive Effort ................... 6-29
6-8.2 Side Slope Stability ...... .................. 6-29
6-8.3 Approximate Mobility Index .................. 6-29
6-9 Model Testing ....... ...................... 6-29
6-9.1 Necessity for Model Testing ................... 6-29
6-9.2 Types of Model Tests ...................... 6-30
6-9.2.1 Resistance ............................. 6-30
6-9.2.2 Self-propulsion ...... ................... 6-30
6-9.2.3 Maneuverability ......................... 6-30 0
6-9.2.3.1 Free Running ......................... 6-30
6-9.2.3.2 Captive Model ...... .................. 6-30
6-9.2.4 Seakeeping ...... ..................... 6-31
6-9.2.5 Propulsion ............................. 6-31
6-9.3 Schedule of Tests ...... ................... 6-31
6-9.4 Possible Locations for Model Tests .............. 6-32
References ....... ........................ 6-36
CHAPTER 7. DETAILED DESIGN
Section I. Hull Design
7-1 Hull Lines ........ ........................ 7-1
7-1.1 General Description and Explanation ............ 7-1
7-1.1.1 Lines Fairing Procedure ................... 7-1
S• .... • • . O _.0. .. -- . • • • . • • • •V
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AMCP 706-350 S
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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7-1.1.2 Developable Surfaces ...................... 7-4
7-1.1.2.1 Advantage of Developable Surfaces .......... 7-4
7-1.1.2.2 Amphibian Hull Developable Surfaces ........ 7-4
7-1.1.2.3 Surface Development Procedures ........... 7-4
7-1.2 Waterborne Speed and Resistance Considerations . . . 7-8
7-1.2.1 Hull Shape and Fairness ................... .. 779 . .
7-1.2.2 Chines and Spray Strips ................... 7-10 •
.
7-1.2.3 Wheels and Wheel Wells ................... 7-10
7-1.2.4 Appendages ........................... 7-11
7-1.3 Waterborne Propulsion Considerations ........... 7-11
7-1.4 Waterborne Maneuverability Considerations ...... .7-11
7-1.5 Seakeeping and Surfing Considerations ........... 7-13
7-1.6 Buoyancy and Waterborne Stability ............. 7-13
7-1.6.1 Buoyancy ....... ...................... 7-13
7-1.6.1.1 Calculation Procedures ................... 7-13
7-1.6.1.2 Curves of Form ........................ 7-15
7-1.6.2 Transverse Stability ...................... 7-16
7-1.6.2.1 Positive Stability ...................... 7-16
7-1.6.2.2 Range of Stability ...................... 7-17
7-1.6.2.3 Dynamic Stability ...................... 7-17 0 0
7-1.6.2.4 Cross Curves of Stability ................. 7-18
7-1.6.2.5 Initial Stability ........................ 7-19
7-1.6.2.6 Calculation of Initial Stability .............. 7-20
7-1.6.2.7 Heeling Forces ...... .................. 7-24
7-1.6.2.8 Stability Criteria ...................... 7-25
7-1.6.2.9 Grounded Stability ...-.-.-.-.-.-.-...... 7-26 0 0
7-1.6.2.10 Damaged Stability ..................... 7-26
7-1.6.3 Free Surface Effects ...................... 7-27
7-1.6.4 Longitudinal Stability and Trim .............. 7-27
7-1.6.5 Freeboard ............................. 7-29
7-1.7 Land Operation Considerations ................. 7-29
7-2 General Arrangement ......................... 7-30
7-2.1 Cargo ........ ......................... 7-30
7-2.2 Machinery ....... ....................... 7-30
7-2.3 Auxiliary Systems ......................... 7-30
7-2.4 Structure ............................... 7-31
7-2.5 Buoyancy, Trim, and Stability ................. 7-31
7-2.6 Safety .............................. 7-31
7-2.7 Human Factors Engineering ................... 7-31 0 0
7-3 Hull Structure ...... ......... ............. 7-32
7-3.1 Forces ........ ......................... 7-32
7-3.1.1 Longitudinal Forces ...................... 7-33
7-3.1.1.1 Waterborne .......................... 7-33
7-3.1.1.2 Landborne .......................... 7-33
7-3.1.2 Torsional Forces ........................ 7-35
7-3.1.2.1 Waterbome .......................... 7-35
7-3.1.2.2 Landborne ...... .................... 7-35
7-3.1.3 Local Forces ...... ................... 7-36
7-3.1.3.1 Water Forces ........................ 7-36
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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7-3.1.3.2 Other Impact or Shock Forces ........... 7-36
7-3.1.3.3 Semi-static Forces ................... 7-38 S 0
7-3.1.3.4 Vibration ...... ................... 7-38
7-3.2 Materials ....... ...................... 7-39 "
7-3.2.1 Comparison Parameters .................. 7-39
7-3.2.2 Steel ....... ....................... 7-42
7-3.2.3 Fiberglas ...... ..................... 7-44
7-3.2.4 Aluminum ...... .................... 7-46 0
7-3.2.5 Glass ....... ....................... 7-58
7-3.3 Structural Configuration ................... 7-60
7-3.3.1 Shell Plating ...... ................... 7-60
7-3.3.2 Stiffeners ........................... 7-62
7-3.3.2.1 Monocoque ...... .................. 7-62
7-3.3.2.2 Corrugations ........................ 7-72
7-3.3.2.3 Plate and Stiffeners ................... 7-74
7-3.3.3 Indirect Framing ..................... 7-80
7-3.3.4 Ramps ....... ...................... 7-80
7-3.3.5 Miscellaneous ........................ 7-80
7-3.4 Detail Design ....... .................... 7-81
7-3.4.1 Factors of Safety ...................... 7-81
7-3.4.2 Fasteners ........................... 7-81 0 0
7-3.4.2.1 Mechanical ........................ 7-81
7-3.4.2.2 Welding ....... .................... 7-83
7-3.4.2.3 Adhesives ...... ................... 7-88
7-3.4.3 Miscellaneous Details ................... 7-90
Section II. Propu(sion System Design
7-4 Horsepower Requirements ..... .............. 7-91
7-4.1 Waterborne Power Requirements ............. 7-91
7-4.1.1 Elements of Amphibian Waterborne
Resistance ....... .................... 7-92
7-4. .1.1 Frictional Resistance .................. 7-93
7-4.1.1.2 Residuary Resistance ................. 7-94 -
7-4.1.1.3 Scaling Laws and Model Tests ........... 7-97
7-4.1.2 Amphibian Resistance Data ............... 7-98
7-4.1.2.1 Data Plots ...... ................... 7-99
7-4.1.2.2 Influence of Basic Hull Form on
Resistance ......................... 7-99
7-4.1.2.3 Influence of Appendages on Amphibian 0 0
Resistance ......................... 7-99
7-4.1.2.4 Influence of Rough Water on
Amphibian Resistance ................. 7-108
7-4.1.3 Design Waterborne Power Estimate ........ .7-110
7-4.2 Land Operation Power Requirements .......... 7-112
7-4.2.1 Required Tractive Effort ................. 7-113
7-4.2.2 Available Tractive Effort ................. 7-113
7-4.3 Special Performance Requirements,
Water-land Interface ..................... 7-114
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AMCP 706-350
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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7-4.3.1 Surf Operations .................. 7-114
7-4.3.2 Exiting from Rivers ..................... 7-117
7-5 Final Engine Selection ..................... 7-117
7-5.1 General Discussion ...................... 7-117
7-5.2 Criteria for Wheeled Amphibian Engines ....... 7-117
7-5.2.1 Engine Rating ...... .................. 7-118
7-5.2.2 The Amphibian Environment ............. 7-122 0
7-5.2.3 Weight, Volume, and Cost Effectiveness ..... .7-123
7-6 Power Train Design ...... .................. 7-123
7-6.1 General Discussion ...................... 7-123
7-6.2 Characteristics and Criteria ................. 7-124
7-6.2.1 Necessary Power Train Characteristics ...... .7-124
7-6.2.2 Desirable Power Train Characteristics ....... 7-124
7-6.2.3 Power Train Criteria ................... 7-125
7-6.2.3.1 Power Ratings ...................... 7-125
7-6.2.3.2 The Amphibian Environment ............ 7-125
7-6.2.3.3 Weight, Volume, and Cost Effectiveness . ... 7-125
7-6.3 The Marine Power Train ................... 7-125
7-6.3.1 Transfer Case ........................ 7-125
7-6.3.2 Propulsion Motor ..................... 7-126 0 0
7-6.3.3 Propulsor Shaft ........................ 7-126
7-6.3.4 Bearings and Seals ...................... 7-126
7-6.3.5 Marine Propulsor ..................... 7-126
7-6.4 The Automotive Power Train ............... 7-126
7-6.4.1 Power Train Types ..................... 7-126
7-6.4.1.1 Mechanical ........................ 7-126 0 0
7-6.4.1.2 Hydrostatic ...... .................. 7-127
7-6.4.1.3 Electric ....... .................... 7-127
7-6.4.2 Power Train Components ................ 7-127
7-6.4.2.1 Torque Converter ................... 7-127
7-6.4.2.2 Transmissions and Transfer Cases ......... 7-128
7-6.4.2.3 Differentials, Drive Shafts, and
Universal Joints ...................... 7-128
7-3.4.2.4 Pumps, Motors, and Generators .......... 7-128
7-6.5 Brakes ............................ 7-129
7-7 Marine Propulsor Design ..................... 7-129
7-7.1 General Discussion ...................... 7-129
7-7.2 Criteria for Propulsion Units ................ 7-129
7-7.3 Propeller Types ......................... 7-130 •
7-7.3.1 Screw Propeller in Tunnel ................ 7-130
7-7.3.2 Kort Nozzles ......................... 7-131
7-7.3.3 Controllable-reversible Pitch Propellers ...... .7-132
7-7.3.4 Contra-rotating Propellers ................ 7-132
7-7.3.5 Vertical Axis Propellers .................. 7-133
7-7.3.6 Vertical Shaft, Right-angle Drives ........... 7-133
7-7.3.7 Water Jets ........................... 7-133
7-7.4 Introduction to Theory of Propellers .......... 7-134
7-7.4.1 Momentum Theory ..................... 7-134
7-7.4.2 Blade Element and Circulation Theories ..... .7-136
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