Engineering design handbook : elements of terminal ballistics. . pt. 1, Introduction, kill mechanisms and vulnerability (u)

390 Pages·1962·21.258 MB·English

by  United States. Department of the Army.

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~ ~ 3 8 9 2 x 9
CO- 0 W 9 6
Elements of Terminal Ballistics. Part One.
Introduction, Kill Mechanisms and Vulnerability.
Engineering Design Handbook
ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND ALEXANDRIA VA
NOV 1962
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HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
30 November 1962
AMCP 706-160 (S), Elements of Terminal Ballistics, Part One,
Introduction, Kill Mechanisms, and Vulnerability (U), forming part
of the Army Materiel Command Engineering Design Handbook Series,
is published for the information and of all concerned.
FRED P. CAMPBELL
Brigadier General, USA
Chief of Stdf
OFFICIAL:
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The three handbooks devoted to Elements of
Terminel Ballistics are part of a group of hap& PARl'S, each of which colutituter'a dunre.
books covering the engineering infonn?.iion PART ONE (AMCP 706-160: coveri'intm-
and quant~tatived ata needed in the desigt: and ductury hfonnation, mceh.aislM for ?ecum-
construction of Army materiel. which (3s a plishing the desired effects, the eh.racter of the
group) eonstitutea the Engineering Design target as it influences the effect, and coUcCtionR
liandbwk Series. and analysis of data covering the mechiam of
effect. Chapter 1 provider a lhorl history of
The handbook on Elements of Terminal Bal-
terminal ballistics md briefly outline current
liitica present infomation on the fundamental promama. Chapter 2 dkcuria the p h y w
principles pverning the behavior of amrnuni- mechanisms by which datlt~lnq y be inAided
tion in it9 find phase. Ammunition is produced upon targets; that is. it dgeribcr the vcuioua
with a great variety of find purposes in mind. means of ubtaiiinp termid bdlbtic eeetr.
and the designer must direct his endeavors The emphasis is on the pheaomeaolm involwd.
toward obtaining the desired effects to the without application of the mrchnniamS to S p
greateat pcissible degree within the limitations ciflc targets. Qualitative information b pre-
which conaideration of weight, bulk, and safety sented in order to identify thoae -ten
impoae. Any improvement in the effectivenecre pasociptcd with each zmxbnim which influ-
of amnunition will be refiected d i i l y in re- ence its effcctivencar or dnmyle upbbili.
doction in Ule the and quantity required for
accomplishment of any miasion. and may be
aufRcicnt to make the difference between defeat
or victory.
Beuuae of the grest variety of purposes for
whii ammunition h dorigmid, and the wm-
dexity of the thn,riu a d engilMrjiw prin-
fiplea UIOeisted with each type, an3 which
difYer hetwm thue typa in great degree, it
baa not baen p~~libtloe p resent within p d -
cable limita all of the f&m of design or to
give illustrative duipnr ahawing the applica-
tiom in existing rmmu~iitioa Wqme eclsac
.
the llc~eyitv of nuinbiabg muonable Ctmptcr 4 p-ta dc~lcdt cchnicrl in-
security lavel haa been a contmllii f&r. formation eollwmbg tlm ghy*eP1 P M o r .
To oRmt thaw recognized litatiom. both a involved in vuiour kllt mduahh !
reference and a bibliography have been prr proe~areArrtdeacribedCrwrthctbrorrtl-
pnred M 4 part of uch major subdivision. The cal point of view which forma tht buL f ~ ?
rafemaca ineludar materid for supporting acaling hwa. Dkaurion of amling kn u
statements made in the handbook text, and the presented, foIlowed b a daaip* of the
bibliography pmvib for utc ided reading on exwrimcntal techniuuea uaed in rdlrrtinP d.t.
the aubject to lmpmve and rr plify the under- ahia m not sp& r&ted to ~utiealu
atmdmg of pshciplea invoh .J. -pe. A~pambYdiOlLh-to
UNCLASSIFIED
I .
UNCLASSIFIED
creh of the f o U m blut, thennal and -Of-the three chaitem in PART
TEER k
nuelar radiation, fragmentation and pen+&ra- ~ h a ~ t9e dres cribes a general man-
tion, and detonation phpia. ner such kili mechanisms as nuclear effects,
particle beams, fragmentation, rendezvoils type
PART TWO (AMCP 706-161) is devoted to
mechanism, and electronic countermeasures.
the collectim and nnalyaia of data ccnceming
It also briefly describes cerbin currently un-
the t.rget towud which the mechanism of
feasible mechsnisrns. Chapter 10 provides a
eflect ia directed. Methods of collecting termi-
qualitavve discussion oi the major sources of
MI ballistic dnta are described that are
vulnerab~lityo f missiles and of satellites. The
specifidly rrhted to thc incapacitation or dc-
characteristics of both, and 3f their components,
feat of particular Wts. Aim discussed is the
are briefly described in terms of some of the
synthesis of that &ta u necessary for the
means by which they may be defeated. Chapter
predictiun of kill probabilities. A g ~ ndtea l of
11 discitss- rllethods for obtaining terminal
trlliatic data is presented. cich mmt of the
ballistic data orl missile and space targets, as
information included for the purpose of ahow-
well the means of using data for quantitative
ing how raw &ta from ballistic tcsb are or- JU
results.
ganized and pmenttd. Some of the data, such
M penetrrtion curves and component d a m p The handbooks were prepared under th-
drta. should prwc useful for @nerd reference direction of the Engineering Handbook OfRce,
P u m . Duke University under contract to the United
States Anny. Thc material for the handbooks
Of the four chapten coastitu5ng PART
w u prepared by Aircraft Armaments, Inc.,
TWO, Chapter 5 is mncemed with the inupmi-
with the teehrical assistance of the Ballistic
tation and mortality of penonnel due to pro-
Rcscarch Laboratories. Reviews and valuable
jectilea, blaat, theinrl and nxlcrr radiation,
contributions were made by personnel nf the
and chcmid utd biological agents. Chapter 6
Frankford. Picatinny and Edgewood Arsenals
is concerned with the inenpacitation and defeat
(now of the Munitions Command); the Engi-
of ground vehicla tu term of tat puuneten
neer Research and Development Laboratory
for pmjectila, umcr material, and penetntion
(now of the Mobility Command) ; and the Red-
fonnulu, and in tcm of test and data genera-
stone Arsenal of the Missile Command.
:ion and dysia, W i t ye valuation methods,
and in the synthesb of kill proMility from Comments and inquiricr on these handbooIra
nudeu weaponr. Clupkr 7 d u bw ith ground rhould be addressed to Anny Research Office
rtructunl targets of v8rioua in tern of (Durham), Box CM, Duke Station, Durham,
c.
fuU-Klila expriwa4 model loading testa, N.
uulyna and tab to obtain map on^ data, Since preparation of the kxt of this hand-
&o f wutime bomb damge and of c a b book, mponsibility for design and for all other
trophic raidtntr, and with the ryntheis of functions pertaining to Army materiel, indud-
prohbilitiea of ground target dunage. Chapter ing publication of this series of handbcoks. hrr
8 L a dimmion of kill rmch.ah in tenas of been assumed by the Anny Materiel Command.
aircraft d.rmgc. a conaideration of damage b Any indicated responsibility of the Ordnance
prim aimmft wmpoamtr in both optntiopl.l Corps in this regard should be understood u
d teat cnvironnrmtr. methodr of teat and data the responsibility of the Army Matcrie: Com-
op\cratiCn, aad the ryathab of d a k mand.
PART THREE (AMCP 706-162) dimuses Infomution on resulting changes in hand-
the tuy& of the future, h i l aa nd aatellitu, book designation, together with a current list
and the application of the principles discuaxd of handbooks, is contained on the inside bock
inPABTSONEand17KOtathe.#rclroft hcae cover.
iii
PREFACE
Introduction, Kill Mcchanums, and Vulnerabilitg, forming PART
ONE of Elomento of Terminal Ballistics, contains Chapters 1 through 4.
Chapter 1 provides a brief history of terminf ballistics and a summary of
current area8 of interest in Terminal Ballistics.
Chnpter 2 describes the various kill mechanisms, that is, the m&-
isms for obtaining terminal ballistic effects. Chapter 3 oovers target
vulnerability for targeta consisting of personnel, ground vehicles, aircraft,
and surface and underground structures. Chaptcr 4 covers the euliection
and analysis of data concerning kill mechanisms.
A glonsary and an index are included as part of this handbook.
The other handbooks which, together with this volume, eomprho Ele-
menbof Terminal Ballistics are:
ASICP 706-161 (S) PART TWO, Collectmn and Analysis of
Data Concerning Tarpets (U)
AJICP 706-162 (S-RD) PART THREE. Applicntion to Missile
and Spw Targety (U)
UNCLASSIFIED @ -
TAlbE OF CBNTENtS
cnmm I
INTRODUCTION
SecHu I d r i d HlrCv d Terminal kUlrHcs
..............
PRE NINETEENTH CENTITRY 1-1
..............
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1-1
Geecral ...................................
..
1861-Amr Bndred with Vuious !ht&&
...........
1862-18B4--Simt810ted Ship Tqrpds
...................
1 8 6 k n d ForLin~xtions
1871Si1nuLted Ship T m wi th S m
.....................................
Armor
....................
lW2-Ship Turret Tub
187eEarly Ule of a U v eE r p ~ vCeh sl.-m - -
THE TWENTIETH CENTWY TIIROUGH
..........................
W O W WAR I1 l-a -
.......
POST WORLD WAR I1 THBOUGII 1- 1-1
- -
PERFORJIANCE OF EQUIPYEST IN A NU-
...................
CLEAR ENVIRONMENT 1 4
...................... .......
DETONATION I: 1-3
-
... :. .............
HYPE2VEU)CITY IMPACT 1-4
SHAPED CHARGES ......................... 1 4
.......,.....,. ..........
GROUND SHOCK i.. 1-1
.................................
AlILBWST 1 4
.......................
WOUND BALLJSTICS 1 4
-
,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cant)
CHAPTER 2
YIU MECHANISMS
Swfioa Lhogmnh
............................
INTRODLICTION
...............
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIOX
TIK('OSTR0UED FRAGMENTS ............
...............................
Wripli ur; ...................... ........
E~iplt,.r .,.
.................
CUXT1:OUED. .F.R.A..G.M..E..N.T.S. ...... . ...........
Drwiption
................................
Ad rantayes
.................
PREFORBIED FRAGMENTS
................
SECONDARY PRACMENTJ
........................
CONTINUOVS RODS
.....
BYPERVELOCITY FRAG1IENT IMPACT
................................
Description
...............
Faect of SIypervcbeity Impnct
..................
Stages of Crater Fonnatio~~
koti.n IW.lY ?*tiler
...........................
INTRODUCTIOS
.................................
BtiI.LETS
..............................
FLECIIETTES
ARMOR-PIERCING (AP) PROJECTILES
...a.
HIGH EXPLOSIVE PlrASI'IC (KEPI ROL'NDS
KNIVES. BAYONETS, AND araows .......
...
................... .....
IKTRODUCTIOS
................
PRILCIPLES OF OPERATION
........................
JET PESETRATION
...................
I'ENETRATION FACTORS
T m D e~ity,a nd Rate of Dcto~tiono f -10-
..............................
live Charge
......................
Confinement of Charm!
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