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P Krishnamoorthy is presently working as Asst. Professor in post-
Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Dr. Ambedkar
Government Arts College, Vyasarpadi, Chennai. He received his M.Sc.,
M.Phil., M.Ed., in chemistry from Madurai-Kamaraj University and his
Ph.D from Anna University. He worked in the Priyadarshini Engineering
College, Vaniyambadi, for 10 years and St.Joseph’s College of Engineering
for 4 years. He has 20 years of teaching experience.
P Krishnamoorthy has published many books and many research
papers in various national and international journals. He has also attended
and presented papers in several national and international conferences.
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P Krishnamoorthy
Assistant Professor
Post-Graduate & Research Department of Chemistry
Dr. Ambedkar Govt. Arts College
Vyasarpadi, Chennai
Tamil Nadu
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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ISBN (13 digit): 978-93-3920-550-8
ISBN (10 digit): 93-3920-550-2
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Dedicated
to
My Beloved Parents
Thiru S Periasamy
and
Thirumathy P Boomathy
Dpoufout
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Unit-I Polymer Chemistry
1. Polymer Chemistry 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Functionality and its Importance 4
1.3 Classification of Polymers 4
1.4 Types of Polymerisation 8
1.5 Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation 11
1.6 Properties of Polymers 15
1.7 Techniques of Polymerisation 19
1.8 Nylon 6, 6 Polymer (Polyamides) 22
1.9 Epoxide (or) Epoxy Resins 24
Questions 26
Unit-II Chemical Thermodynamics
2. Chemical Thermodynamics 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Terminology of Thermodynamics 34
2.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 38
2.4 Entropy 39
2.5 Entropy Change for an Ideal Gas 40
2.6 Entropy Change for Reversible
(Nonspontaneous) Process 43
2.7 Entropy Change for Irreversible
(Spontaneous) Process 44
2.8 Entropy Change in Physical Transformation 45
viii Contents
2.9 Free Energy 49
2.10 Helmholtz Free-energy Function (A) and Work 50
2.11 Gibbs Free-energy Function and Work 51
2.12 Criteria of Spontaneity 54
2.13 Gibbs–Helmholtz Equation 56
2.14 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 63
2.15 Maxwell Relations 65
2.16 Van't Hoff Isotherm 69
2.17 Van't Hoff Equation (Van’t Hoff Isochore) 71
Exercises 77
Questions 78
Unit-III Photochemistry and Spectroscopy
3. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy 85
3.1 Photochemistry–Introduction 85
3.2 Laws of Photochemistry 86
3.3 Beer’s Law (or) Beer–Lambert’s Law 90
3.4 Quantum Yield or Quantum Efficiency 98
3.5 Experimental Determination of Quantum Yield 100
3.6 Photophysical Processes (Fluorescence
and Phosphorescence) 102
3.7 Energy Transfer in Photochemical Reaction
(Photosensitisation and Quenching) 106
3.8 Chemiluminescence (Cold light) 109
3.9 Spectroscopy 114
3.10 Electromagnetic Spectrum 116
3.11 Absorption and Emission of Radiation 116
3.12 Classification of Molecular Spectra 117
3.13 Ultraviolet (UV) and Visible Spectroscopy 126
3.14 Infrared Spectroscopy 135
Questions 144
Unit-IV Phase Rule and Alloys
4. Phase Rule and Alloys 151
4.1 Phase Rule: Introduction 151
4.2 Terms Involved in Phase Rule 152
Contents ix
4.3 Application of Phase Rule to Various
Component Systems 156
4.4 Construction of Phase Diagram by Thermal Analysis 161
4.5 Phase Diagram of Lead–silver System 163
4.6 Alloys 168
4.7 Importance of Alloys 169
4.8 Applications of Alloy Steels 172
4.9 Heat Treatment of Alloys (Steel) 178
Questions 181
Unit-V Nanochemistry
5. Nanochemistry 191
5.1 Basic Introduction of Nanochemistry 191
5.2 Distinction between Molecules, Nanoparticles
and Bulk 191
5.3 Size-dependent Properties of Nanomaterials 192
5.4 Nanoparticles 193
5.5 Nanoclusters 194
5.6 Nanorods 194
5.7 Nanotubes (CNT) 195
5.8 Nanowires 199
5.9 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 200
5.10 Properties of Nanoparticles 205
5.11 Application of Nanoparticles 212
5.12 Applications in Fuel Cells 213
5.13 Catalysis and use of Gold Nanoparticles in Medicine 214
Questions 218
Summary 220
Question Papers Q.1–Q.24
