Table Of ContentYijun Yu · Arosha Bandara · Shinichi Honiden
Zhenjiang Hu · Tetsuo Tamai · Hausi Muller
John Mylopoulos · Bashar Nuseibeh Eds.
Engineering
Adaptive Software
Systems
Communications
of NII Shonan Meetings
Engineering Adaptive Software Systems
Yijun Yu • Arosha Bandara (cid:129) Shinichi Honiden
Zhenjiang Hu (cid:129) Tetsuo Tamai (cid:129) Hausi Muller
John Mylopoulos (cid:129) Bashar Nuseibeh
Editors
Engineering Adaptive
Software Systems
Communications of NII Shonan Meetings
123
Editors
YijunYu AroshaBandara
TheOpenUniversity TheOpenUniversity
MiltonKeynes,UK MiltonKeynes,UK
ShinichiHoniden ZhenjiangHu
NationalInstituteofInformatics NationalInstituteofInformatics
Tokyo,Japan Tokyo,Japan
TetsuoTamai HausiMuller
HoseiUniversity UniversityofVictoria
Tokyo,Japan Victoria,BC,Canada
JohnMylopoulos BasharNuseibeh
UniversityofToronto TheOpenUniversity
Toronto,Canada MiltonKeynes,UK
ISBN978-981-13-2184-9 ISBN978-981-13-2185-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2185-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018961997
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Preface
The first Shonan Meeting on Engineering Adaptive Systems (EASy) [1], which
was held in 2012, generated heated discussions on the problems and challenges
aboutself-managingsystems.Participantsfrommultipledisciplinariesreachedthe
consentthatEASyhasbynomeansaneasysolutioninsoftwareengineeringalone,
nottomentionmanyotherchallengesingeneralsystemengineering.
TheorganisersofthefollowingShonanmeetings[2,3]decidedtofocusonthe
problems and solutions that can help engineer adaptive software, hence a change
of the focus to Engineering Adaptive Software Systems (EASSy). The technical
reports above have gathered from abstracts of all individual participants; however,
therehasnotyetbeenafullreportonthecruxofinterestingviewpoints,whichcould
collaboratively pave the way to solve some aspects of the long-standing research
problems.
This book is a collection of materialised reflections by some of our active
participants present in much greater details, which we hope can fuel a tank of
thoughtsforengineeringthenext-generationadaptivesoftwaresystems.
Thechaptersincludedinthebookhaveagoodcoverageofthearea,rangingfrom
designandengineeringprinciples(Chap.1)tocontrol-theoreticsolutions(Chap.2)
and bidirectional transformations (Chap.3), which can be seen as promising ways
to implement the functional requirements of self-adaptive systems. Important
quality requirements are also dealt with by these approaches: parallel adaptation
for performance (Chap.4), self-adaptive authorization infrastructure for security
(Chap.5), and self-adaptive risk assessment for self-protection (Chap.6). Finally,
Chap.7providesaconcreteself-adaptiveroboticsoperatingsystemasatestbedfor
self-adaptivesystems.
Althoughbynomeansacompletecoverageofallpossibleresearchtopics,these
chapters can be seen as concrete research agenda’s proposed by experts in these
areas.
v
vi Preface
In a nutshell, we hope the book will initiate promising progresses in this
interdisciplinaryresearchfield.
ShonanVillage,Japan, EASSyShonanMeetingsOrganisers
MiltonKeynes,UK YijunYu
MiltonKeynes,UK AroshaBandara
Tokyo,Japan ShinichiHoniden
Tokyo,Japan ZhenjiangHu
Tokyo,Japan TetsuoTamai
Victoria,BC,Canada HausiMuller
Toronto,Canada JohnMylopoulos
MiltonKeynes,UK BasharNuseibeh
July2018
References
1.Bandara, A., Yu, Y., Nuseibeh, B., Honiden, S.: Engineering adaptive systems. In: Shonan
Meetings,ShonanTechnicalReport003,Shonan,Japan(2012)
2.Yu,Y.,Honiden,S.,Muller,H.A.,Mylopoulos,J.:Engineeringadaptivesoftwaresystems.In:
ShonanMeetings,ShonanTechnicalReport027,Shonan,Japan(2013)
3.Tamai, T., Muller, H.A., Nuseibeh, B.: Engineering adaptive software systems. In: Shonan
Meetings,ShonanTechnicalReport052,Shonan,Japan(2015)
Contents
1 DesignandEngineeringofAdaptiveSoftwareSystems................. 1
SoichiroHidaka,ZhenjiangHu,MarinLitoiu,LinLiu,PatrickMartin,
XinPeng,GuilingWang,andYijunYu
2 Self-AdaptationofSoftwareUsingAutomaticallyGenerated
Control-TheoreticalSolutions.............................................. 35
StepanShevtsov,DannyWeyns,andMartinaMaggio
3 Challenges in Engineering Self-Adaptive Authorisation
Infrastructures ............................................................... 57
LionelMontrieux,RogériodeLemos,andChrisBailey
4 BidirectionalTransformationsforSelf-AdaptiveSystems .............. 95
Lionel Montrieux, Naoyasu Ubayashi, Tianqi Zhao, Zhi Jin,
andZhenjiangHu
5 ParallelAdaptationofMultipleServiceCompositionInstances ....... 115
RafaelRoqueAschoff,AndreaZisman,andPedroAlexandre
6 Assessing Security and Privacy Behavioural Risks
forSelf-ProtectionSystems ................................................. 135
YijunYu,YoshiokaNobukazu,andTetsuoTamai
7 Experimenting with Adaptation in Smart Cyber-Physical
Systems:AModelProblemandTestbed .................................. 149
Vladimir Matena, Tomas Bures, Ilias Gerostathopoulos,
andPetrHnetynka
vii
Chapter 1
Design and Engineering of Adaptive
Software Systems
SoichiroHidaka,ZhenjiangHu,MarinLitoiu,LinLiu,PatrickMartin,
XinPeng,GuilingWang,andYijunYu
Abstract New challenges such as big data, ultra-large-scale services, and contin-
uously available services are driving the evolution to adaptive software systems,
which are able to modify their behavior in response to their environmental and
ThischapterwaseditedbySoichiroHidakaandPatrickMartin.
S.Hidaka((cid:2))
HoseiUniversity,Tokyo,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
Z.Hu
NationalInstituteofInformatics,Tokyo,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Litoiu
YorkUniversity,Toronto,ON,Canada
e-mail:[email protected]
L.Liu
SchoolofSoftware,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China
e-mail:[email protected]
P.Martin
Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
e-mail:[email protected]
X.Peng
FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China
e-mail:[email protected]
G.Wang
BeijingKeyLaboratoryonIntegrationandAnalysisofLarge-ScaleStreamData,
NorthChinaUniversityofTechnology,Beijing,China
e-mail:[email protected]
Y.Yu
TheOpenUniversity,MiltonKeynes,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 1
Y.Yuetal.(eds.),EngineeringAdaptiveSoftwareSystems,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2185-6_1
2 S.Hidakaetal.
internalchanges,inordertoachievetheirgoals.Providingsupportinallphasesof
thelifecycleofadaptivesoftwaresystemsisthusanimportantchallengefacingthe
softwareengineeringresearchcommunity.Thischapterhighlightscurrentresearch
on methods and techniques for the design and engineering of adaptive software
systems. The design space for self-adaptive systems is first examined, and then a
goal-orientedframeworkforadaptiveservicecompositionisdescribed.Thehuman
factors component of the design of adaptive systems are considered from four
different points of view. We then argue that model management from database
community can be adapted for effective development of self-adaptive systems.
Finally,sustainabilityofadaptivecomponentsareshowntobeachievedbymaking
requirementsfuture-proof.
1.1 Introduction
Theneedforsoftwaresystemstoaccommodatethedemandsofnewchallengessuch
asbigdata,ultra-large-scaleservices,andcontinuouslyavailableservicesisdriving
theevolutiontoadaptivesoftwaresystems,whichareabletomodifytheirbehavior
inresponsetochangesintheirexternalenvironment,orinthesystemitself,inorder
toachievetheirgoals.Themechanismstoachievetheseadaptationsmusttherefore
beoneofthefocusesofthesystem’sdevelopmentandmaintenance.
There is a strong agreement in the self-adaptive systems community that the
design and implementation of self-adaptive systems should be based on feedback
loops.Brunetal.[9],intheirearlierresearchroadmappaper,emphasizefeedback
loops as first-class design entities and argue that loops are the essential features
in controlling and managing uncertainties in software systems. They assert that,
by making feedback loops visible, the impact of these feedback loops on system
behavior could be identified earlier and the most important properties of self-
adaptation could be addressed. Feedback loops are therefore an important focus
oftheworkdiscussedinthechapter.
Providingsupportinallphasesofthelifecycleofadaptivesoftwaresystemsisan
importantchallengefacingthesoftwareengineeringresearchcommunity[15,20].
Thischapter highlightscurrentresearchonmethods and techniques forthedesign
andengineeringofadaptivesoftwaresystems.
1.2 DesigningAdaptiveSoftwareSystems
The design of adaptive software systems involves making decisions about observ-
ing the environment and the system itself, selecting adaptation mechanisms and
enactingthemechanisms[20].InthissectionLitoiufirstexaminesthedesignspace
for adaptive systems on Software Defined Infrastructure (SDIs) such as clouds.
SDIsintroduceadditionalcomplexityforthedesignofadaptivesystemsinthatan
adaptationperformedbyasystemcanaffectboththesystemandtheSDI.
1 DesignandEngineeringofAdaptiveSoftwareSystems 3
Service orientation is a leading form for Web-based software applications that
allowdistributedenterprisebusinessprocessestointegratethroughthecomposition
ofindividualindependentlydevelopedservices.Compositeservices,however,need
toevolveandreorganize asnewrequirements andservicesemerge.LiuandWang
nextdescribeagoal-orientedframeworkforadaptiveservicecomposition.
Human factors are another important aspect of design since humans influence
the adaptive software systems in various ways. Adaptive software systems fulfill
the stakeholders’ requirements through the cooperation of human, hardware, and
software.Pengconsiderstheimpactofhumaninvolvementonthedesignofadaptive
softwaresystemsfromfourdifferentviewpoints,namely,experts,users,agents,and
components.
1.2.1 DesignSpaceforSelf-AdaptiveSystems
Designing an adaptive system encompasses decisions such as what and how to
monitor the system and its environment, how and when to select and activate
adaptations, etc. More recently, Brun et al. [10] introduce the concept of design
space for adaptive systems, which contains key questions to ask when designing
a self-adaptive system.The authors present a conceptual model of how toidentify
different components of an adaptive system by answering a set of questions along
fivedimensions:identification,observation,representation,control,andadaptation
mechanisms.
In recent years, companies and institutions have started to deploy and run their
applications on Software Defined Infrastructure (SDI), typified by clouds. The
main consequence of this is that the self-adaptive feedback loops built around an
application can change not only the application but the application’s environment,
that is, the cloud, as well. One example of such a SDI is SAVI cloud1 which
is an Extended Cloud consisting of edges and a core. The edges are resource-
constrained clouds, primarily aimed to host latency-sensitive components/services
of the application. Meanwhile, the core has ample resources and is capable of
executingthemoreresource-intensivecomponents/services.
FeedbackloopsinaSDIhavetoconsidertheparticularitiesoftheinfrastructure,
especiallythefactthattheSDIisprogrammable andresources(softwareservices,
network, storage), exposed as services, can be acquired, released, or tuned at
runtime.Figure1.1showsareferencefeedbackloopforapplicationsdeployedona
SDI.Therearetwobasiccomplementarysetsofloops,composedofvariedservices,
thatcanworkatdifferenttimescales,withdifferentperformance:
(cid:129) Reactivefeedback(blackarrows):reactstocurrentloadandevents,implements
simplecontroldecisionssuchasPID(proportional,integrative,derivative).These
loopsarefastbutarelimitedintheadaptationsolutionstheyprovide
ContributedbyMarinLitoiu.
1http://www.savinetwork.ca
