Energy Storage Systems: An Introduction

292 Pages·22.296 MB·English

by  Satyender Singh

ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

E S S
NERGY TORAGE YSTEMS

A I
N NTRODUCTION

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E S , E
NERGY CIENCE NGINEERING
T
AND ECHNOLOGY

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ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

E S S
NERGY TORAGE YSTEMS

A I
N NTRODUCTION

SATYENDER SINGH
EDITOR
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: 978-1-53618-(cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:72)(cid:37)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:12)

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1 Lithium-Ion Batteries -
Fundamental to Applications 1
Udita Bhattacharjee, Madhushri Bhar,
Sourav Ghosh and Surendra K. Martha
Chapter 2 Combined Nuclear Reactor
Thermal Energy Storage Systems 129
Nima Norouzi and Saeed Talebi
Chapter 3 Latent Heat Storage with Embedded Porous Media 169
Satyender Singh, Shailendra Kumar Chaurasiya
and Subhash Chnader
Chapter 4 Integrated Energy Storage Systems
with Solar Collectors 183
Bharat Singh Negi, Satyender Singh
and Subhash Chander
Chapter 5 Optimal CCHP Combined with Thermal Energy
Storage System Design Using Genetic Algorithm 203
Nima Norouzi and Maryam Fani
vi Contents
Chapter 6 Natural Convection Grain Dryer 243
Dhananjay Kumar, Pinakeswar Mahanta
and Pankaj Kalita
Chapter 7 Exergy Analysis of a Natural Convection
Grain Dryer 255
Dhananjay Kumar, Pinakeswar Mahanta
and Pankaj Kalita
About the Editor 267
Index 269
PREFACE

Thermal energy storage has gained every attention across the world
due to increasing global needs. Increasing population and changing
lifestyle have increased the energy demand which is difficult to provide
sustainably using any source, and hence requires energy storage and its
supply when needed. Literature on the energy storage is largely available at
present and many attractive systems are reported. In this direction, this
book covers an overview and applications of the thermal energy storage
systems that can be efficiently used for thermal energy storage. As thermal
energy can be stored in many forms, the content of this book covers almost
every form of thermal energy storage and systems design for the same. The
book in detail summarized various aspects of thermal energy storage
systems (TESS) such as lithium-Ion Batteries, Nuclear reactor, Latent heat
storage with PCM embedded porous media, CCHP with TESS, PCM in
solar collectors, and grain dryer.
The early development of lithium batteries began with the
development of lithium metal batteries. The research and development of
LIBs had begun with primary LIBs such as lithium-poly carbon
monofluoride (Li//(CF ) ) cells by Matsushita in 1973, lithium-manganese
x n
oxide (Li//MnO ) cells by Sanyo in 1975, Lithium-copper oxide (Li//CuO)
2
cells, lithium-iodine (Li//(P2VP)I ) cells in 1972, molten salt systems
n
(LiCl-KCl eutectic) using a Li-Al alloy anode and FeS as the cathode, etc.
2
viii Satyender Singh
Lithium-iodine cells were used to power cardiac pacemakers. Li/MnO
2
cells were used in solar rechargeable calculators. Around the 1970s, Bell
Laboratories, USA reported the intercalation properties into NbSe or TiS
3 3
based dichalcogenide host material. The first chapter in this book offers a
systematic overview of the development timeline, operating principles,
cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, separators, and manufacturing processes of
Lithium-ion batteries. Chapter present an outlook of the development of
various kinds of cathodes such as layered, olivines, spinels, conversion
type materials is discussed thoroughly. Similarly, materials developments
in terms of the anodes are classified and presented as intercalation,
conversion, and alloy type anodes. The requirement of a conductive ion
matrix between the cathode and anode of a cell with a wider voltage range
and minimum spillage, various types of electrolytes (organic, ionic-liquid,
polymer, and Solid-state electrolytes) which has been explored in literature
are articulated systematically. In short, this Chapter is an outline of the
development stages of Li-ion battery electrochemistry, including the
commercial success and current challenges in the field with mitigation
strategies and the future of Li-ion batteries are explored.
Nuclear power plants operate most economically at a constant level of
electricity, providing a baseload power portfolio. Thermal energy storage
is significantly important for moderate to high thermal applications. In an
energy grid containing a large proportion of renewable energy sources,
nuclear reactors can be advanced to significant energy changes. These
varying capacity requirements can adversely affect the reactor usable
capacity factor and result in severe economic penalties. Attaching a nuclear
reactor to a large thermal energy storage unit will allow the reactor to
respond better to different energy needs. In the system described in
Chapter 2, the high-nuclear high-temperature reactor supplies constant
power to the thermal energy storage unit of the molten lithium chloride
salt, which provides the required thermal energy for a closed energy
conversion system of the Bryton cycle. During regular operation, the
thermal energy storage unit stores heat during the night for use during peak
demand periods during the day. In this case, the nuclear reactor remains at
a constant level of thermal capacity.