Table Of ContentENERGY METABOLISM IN FARM ANIMALS
CURRENT TOPICS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
Control of Reproduction in the Cow, Indicators Relevant to Farm Animal
edited by J.M. Sreenan Welfare, edited by D. Smidt
Patterns of Growth and Development in Farm Animal Housing and Welfare,
Cattle, edited by H. de Boer and J. Martin edited by S.H. Baxter, M.R. Baxter and J.A.D.
MacCormack
Respiratory Diseases in Cattle, edited by
W.B. Martin Stunning of Animals for Slaughter, edited
by G. Eikelenboom
Calving Problems and Early Viability of
the Calf, edited by B. Hoffmann, 1.L. Mason and J. Manipulation of Growth in Farm
Schmidt Animals, edited by J.F. Roche and D. O'Callaghan
The Future of Beef Production in the Latent Herpes Virus Infections in
European Community, edited by J.c. Bowman and Veterinary Medicine, edited by G. Wittmann, R.M.
P. Susmel Gaskell and H.-J. Rziha
Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics: Grassland Beef Production, edited by W.
Economic and Zoonotic Relevance, edited by M. Holmes
Ristic and I. Mcintyre
Recent Advances in Virus Diagnosis,
Control of Reproductive Functions in edited by M.S. McNulty and J.B. McFerran
Domestic Animals, edited by W. Jochle and D.R.
The Male in Farm Animal Reproduction,
Lamond
edited by M. Courot
The Laying Hen and its Environment,
Endocrine Causes of Seasonal and
edited by R. Moss
Lactational Anestrus in Farm Animals, edited by F.
Epidemiology and Control of Ellendorff and F. Elsaesser
Nematodiasis in Cattle, edited by P. Nansen, R.J.
Brucella Melitensis, edited by J .M. Verger
JG'irgensen and E.J.L. Soulsby
and M. Plommet
The Problem of Dark-Cutting in Beef,
Diagnosis of Mycotoxicoses, edited by
edited by D.E. Hood and P.V. Tarrant
J.L. Richard and J .R. Thurston
The Welfare of Pigs, edited by
Embryonic Mortality in Farm Animals,
W. Sybesma
edited by J.M. Sreenan and M.G. Diskin
The Mucosal Immune System, edited by
Social Space for Domestic Animals, edited
F.J. Bourne
by R. Zayan
Laboratory Diagnosis in Neonatal Calf
The Present State of Leptospirosis
and Pig Diarrhoea, edited by P. W. de Leeuw and
Diagnosis and Control, edited by W.A. Ellis and
P.A.M. Guinee
T.W.A. Little
Advances in the Control of Theileriosis,
Acute virus infections of poultry, edited
edited by A.D. Irvin, M.P. Cunningham and A.S.
by J.B. McFerran and M.S. McNulty
Young
Evaluation and Control of Meat Quality
Fourth International Symposium on
in Pigs, edited by P.V. Tarrant, G. Eikelenboom and
Bovine Leukosis, edited by O.c. Straub
G. Monin
Muscle Hypertrophy of Genetic Origin
Follicular Growth and Ovulation Rate in
and its Use to Improve Beef Production, edited by
Farm Animals, edited by J .F. Roche and D.
J.W.B. King and F. Menissier
O'Callaghan
Aujeszky's Disease, edited by G. Wittman
Cattle Housing Systems, Lameness and
and S.A. Hall
Behaviour, edited by H.K. Wierenga and D.J. Peterse
Transport of Animals Intended for
Physiological and Pharmacological
Breeding, Production and Slaughter, edited by R.
Aspects of the Reticulo-Rumen, edited by L.A.A.
Moss
Ooms, A.D. Degryse and A.S.J.P.A.M. van Mien
Welfare and Husbandry of Calves, edited
by 1. P. Signoret Biology of Stress in Farm Animals: An
Integrative Approach, edited by P.R. Wiepkema and
Factors Influencing Fertility in the
P.W.M. van Adrichem
Postpartum Cow, edited by H. Karg and
E. Schallenberger Helminth Zoonoses, edited by S. Geerts,
V. Kumar and 1. Brandt
Beef Production from Different Dairy
Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals,
Breeds and Dairy Beef Crosses, edited by G.J. More
edited by M.W.A. Verstegen and A.M. Henken
O'Ferrall
The Elisa: Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay in Veterinary Research and
Diagnosis, edited by R.C. Wardley and
J.R. Crowther
ENERGY METABOLISM
IN FARM ANIMALS
Effects of housing, stress and disease
Edited by
M.W.A. Verstegen and A.M. Henken
Department oj Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University Wageningen,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
1987 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ~.
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP II,
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER "
Distributors
jor the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358,
Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA
jor the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited,
Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI IRN, UK
jor all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
L.ibrvy 01 COngtUI ulalosin,';n -Publ;<.a'ion Data
Energy Petahollsm In farm animals .
(Cur rent topics in veterinary medicine and
anl..al science)
I. Veterinary physiology. 2. Energy metaholism.
3 . L!vestock--Ecology. 4. Llvestock--Dlsesses .
I. Versteg"n, H. W. A. II. Henken, A. H. III. Series.
SF7&8 .E54 1987 &3&.089'2 87-22079
ISBN- \3: 978·94·010·8010· ] e· IS!:lN-13: 97g·94-009· 3363·7
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-n63-7
Copyright
© 1987 by Mart inus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
All rights reserved. No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying , recording, or otherwise, withoUt the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht,
The Netherlands .
v
CONTENTS
Page
Preface IX
List of contributors XI
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
Energy metabolism of farm animals.
A. J . H. van Es and H. A. Boekholt .................................... 3
The Wageningen respiration unit for animal production research:
a description of the equipment and its possibilities.
M. W. A. Verstegen, W. van der Hel, H. A. Brandsma,
A.M. Henken and A.M. Bransen ..................................... 21
CHAPTER II. HOUSI NG-SYSTEMS AND ENERGY METABOLISM
Adaptation to, and energy costs of, tethering in pregnant sows.
G.M. Cronin and J.L. Barnett ....................................... 51
Metabolic rate of piglets between sucklings.
W. van der Hel and M. W. A. Verstegen ............................... 63
I nfluence of some environmental, animal and feeding factors
on energy metabolism in growing pigs.
M.W.A. Verstegen, A.M. Henken and W. van der Hel ................ 70
The effects of housing conditions on energy utilization of
poultry.
E.H. Ketelaars ...................................................... 87
VI
CHAPTER III. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND ENERGY
METABOLISM
Surface temperatures as parameters.
R. Geers, W. van del" Hel and V. Goedseel s ........................ 105
The influence of climatic environment on sows.
B. Kem~ and M.W.A. Verstegen .................................... 115
Thermal requirements of growing pigs from bi,.,th to slaughter.
M.W.A. Verstegen, A.M. Henken, W. van del" Hel and
H.A. Brandsma ..................................................... 1~3
A formula to describe the relation between heat production at
thermoneutral as well as below thermoneutral temperatures simul-
taneously.
G.F.V. van del" Peet, M.W.A. Verstegen and W.J. Koops ........... 150
Effect of environmental temperature and air velocity two days
preslaughtering on heat production, weight loss and meat
quality in non-fed pigs.
E. Lambooy, W. van del" Hel, B. Hulsegge and H.A. Brandsma ..... 164
Effects of climatic conditions on energy metabolism and
performance of calves.
M. Vermorel ........................................................ 180
Climatic conditions and energy metabolism of laying hens.
M. van Kampen ..................................................... 199
Climatic environment and energy metabolism in broilers.
C. w. Scheele, W. van del" Hel, M. W. A. Verstegen and
A.M. Henken ....................................................... 217
Heat tolerance of one-day old chickens with special reference
to conditions during airtransport.
A. M. Hen ken, W. van der Hel, A. Hoogerbrugge and
C. W. Scheele ....................................................... 261
VII
CHAPTER IV . HEALTH AND ASPECTS OF ENERGY METABOLISM
Energy metabolism and immune function.
J .M. F. Verhagen .................................................... 288
Parasite worry and restlessness caused by sarcoptic mange
in swine.
M.W.A. Verstegen, J. Guerrero, A.M. Henken,
W. van der Hel and J. H. Boon ...................................... 304
Respiratory diseases in pigs: incidence, economic losses and
prevention in the Netherlands.
M.J.M. Tielen ....................................................... 321
Mastitis in dairy cows with special reference to direct and
indirect effects of climatological factors.
F . J. Grommers ...................................................... 337
The effect of gastrointestinal nematodes on metabolism in
calves.
A. Kloosterman and A.M. Henken .................................... 352
Energy and nitrogen metabolism of growing calves continuously
infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus.
J. H. Boon and M. W. A. Verstegen ................................... 372
Respiratory diseases in calves.
P. Franken, C. Holzhauer and L.A. van Wuijckhuise-Sjouke ......... 388
The effect of a subclinical Haemonchus infection on the
metabolism of sheep (a pilot study).
P.W.M. van Adrichem, M.J.N. Los, J.E. Vogt and Y. Wetzlart ...... 400
Coccidiosis: a problem in broilers.
A.C. Voeten ................................................ ........ 410
VIII
CHAPTER V. VARIATION IN ENERGY METABOLISM CHARAC-
TERISTICS DUE TO FEEDING LEVEL AND DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN BREEDS/STRAI NS
Effect of feeding level on maintenance requirements of growing
pigs.
C.P.C. Wenk and M. Kronauer ...................................... 425
Genetic variation of energy metabolism in poultry.
P. Luiting .......................................................... 440
Genetic variation of energy metabolism in mice.
E. J. van Steenbergen ............................................... 467
Effects of body weight, feeding level and temperature on
energy metabolism and growth in fish.
L.T.N. Heinsbroek .................................................. 478
IX
PREFACE
Animal production systems have changed dramatically over the last
two decades. Knowledge of energy metabolism and environmental physio-
logy has increased as appears from many textbooks on these disciplines.
The contents of the symposia on energy metabolism of farm animals show
this and they have initially focussed on feed evaluation and later on com-
parative aspects of energy metabolism. They show part of the progress
being made.
Application of knowledge of energy metabolism for animals has a long
history since Lavoisier. In addition to this, studies about the environ-
mental requirements of animals have shown that we are still far from ac-
curate assessment of these requirements in terms of nutrients and ener-
gy. I n model studies on energy metabolism researchers have recognized
the interaction between the environment and the energy requirements of
animals. Estimation of energy requirements has been done in physiolo-
gical, physical and behavioural studies. The impact of conditions as en-
countered by animals in various production systems has been approached
from different viewpoints related to these different disciplines. In addi-
tion, various kinds of infections (bacterial, parasitic: subclinical, clini-
cal) have been evaluated only recently with regard to their effect on pro-
tein and/or energy metabolism and thus on production.
People working in the field of feed evaluation have defined how che-
mical and physical properties of nutrition infiuence energy to be derived
for maintenance and production. The physiologists have defined and
studied the environment with regard to the energy required by animals
for body temperature regulation. However these studies have been made
at standardized conditions which are not often encountered as such by
animals in practice. Physiologists have also evaluated and described pro-
cesses related to growth and production. They have quantified the ne-
cessary components in terms of energy and protein. Empirically these
findings have been applied to farm conditions. However it is clear that
there exists a considerable gap between performance of animals kept at
x
more or less laboratory conditions and those producing on a commercial
farm. Also genetic changes in the animal population by selection and in
future also by genetic engineering, are important in this respect. Gene-
tic differences may partly explain differences between animals in nutrient
and energy requirements.
The present book emphasizes on the impact of environmental condi-
tions (housing, climatic, parasitic) on energy metabolism and its conse-
quences for energy requirement and performances. The studies presen-
ted are aimed at measuring such effects as they differ from studies on
feed evaluation or comparative aspects of energy metabolism. The results
of this kind of studies need to be appraised economically and also for
feeding strategies and/or housing and management systems. The changes
in requirements have to be known to evaluate modern housing systems to
alter these changes in order to optimize animal production. I n order to
study these aspects large experimental facilities are needed since prac-
tical conditions have to be simulated. Moreover often groups of animals
have to be studied together. This book focusses on this kind of inter-
disciplinary studies. The reader is provided with experiences from
studies which will normally not appear together in one book. Mostly re-
sults of such studies are reported in a monodisciplinary orientated book.
The relevance of the interdisciplinary approach of energy metabolism may
be self-evident. The book is meant for researchers in this field and for
students especially interested in energy metabolism with special reference
to an imal production.
In addition this book is published to mark the occasion that about 20
years ago these kinds of studies were made possible with the develop-
ment of large indirect calorimeters at the Departments of Animal Produc-
tion of the Agricultural University at Wageningen (The Netherlands).
M. W. A. Verstegen Wageningen, September 1987
A.M. Henken
