Table Of ContentEnergy
Manual
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
HEGGER
FUCHS
STARK
ZEUMER
Birkhäuser
Basel · Boston · Berlin
Edition Detail
Munich
This book was compiled at the Specialist articles:
Energy Efficient Building Design Unit, Darmstadt Technical University
Prof. Manfred Hegger Chris Luebkeman, Dr. sci. tech.
Department of Architecture, Darmstadt Technical University Arup Research + Development, London
www.tu-darmstadt.de/architektur/ee
in conjunction with the Hermann Scheer, Dr. rer. pol., MdB
Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Eurosolar, Bonn
Munich
www.detail.de Robert Kaltenbrunner, Dr.-Ing. Architect
Federal Office for Building & Regional Planning, Bonn
Thomas Herzog, O. Prof. em., Dr. (Rome Univ.), Dr. h. c.,
Authors Dipl.-Ing. Architect, Munich TU
Manfred Hegger Karl-Heinz Petzinka, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Architect
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. M. Econ Architect Bernhard Lenz, Dipl.-Ing., Dipl.-Ing., MEng. Architect
Energy Efficient Building Design Unit, Darmstadt TU Design & Building Technology Unit, TU Darmstadt
Matthias Fuchs Scientific advisers, diagnosis system for sustainable building quality
Dipl.-Ing. Architect (DSQ):
Energy Efficient Building Design Unit, Darmstadt TU Brian Cody, Prof. BSc(Hons) CEng MCIBSE, Graz TU
Sabine Djahanschah, Dipl.-Ing. Arch., Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt
Thomas Stark Thomas Lützkendorf, Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil., University of Karlsr uhe
Dr.-Ing. Architect Hansruedi Preisig, Prof. Dipl. Arch. SIA, Winterthur Polytechnic
Energy Efficient Building Design Unit, Darmstadt TU Peter Steiger, Prof. em., Darmstadt TU
Martin Zeumer Library of Congress Control Number:
Dipl.-Ing. 2008931674 (hardcover)/2008931739 (softcover)
Energy Efficient Building Design Unit, Darmstadt TU
Bibliographic information published by the German National Library
Assistants: The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche
Natascha Altensen; Hans Drexler, Dipl. Arch. ETH M. Arch. (Dist); Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the
Laura Eckel; Alexandra Göbel, Dipl.-Ing.; Michael Keller, Dipl.-Ing.; Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Nikola Mahal; Thomas Meinberg, Dipl.-Ing.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the
Drawing assistants: whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of trans-
Julia Kirsten Eisenhuth; Viola John, Dipl.-Ing.; lation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, repro-
Geraldine Nothoff, Dipl.-Ing.; Johanna Wickenbrock duction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in databases. For any
kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained.
Editorial services This book is also available in a German language edition
(ISBN 978-3-7643-8385-5)
Project management & editing:
Julia Liese, Dipl.-Ing. Editor:
Steffi Lenzen, Dipl.-Ing. Architect Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &
Co KG, Munich
Editorial assistants: www.detail.de
Astrid Donnert, Dipl.-Ing.; Claudia Fuchs, Dipl.-Ing.;
Carola Jacob-Ritz, M.A.; Florian Krainer; ©2008 English translation of the 1st German edition
Nicole Tietze, M.A. Birkhäuser Verlag AG
Basel · Boston · Berlin
Editiorial assistant English edition: PO Box 133, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
Daniel Morgenthaler, lic. phil. Part of Springer Science+Business Media
Drawings: Printed on acid-free paper prod. from chlorine-free pulp. TCF∞
Marion Griese, Dipl.-Ing.; Daniel Hajduk, Dipl.-Ing.;
Caroline Hörger, Dipl.-Ing.; Claudia Hupfloher, Dipl.-Ing.; Reproduction: Martin Härtel OHG, Martinsried
Elisabeth Krammer, Dipl.-Ing.
Printing & binding: Kösel GmbH & Co. KG, Altusried-Krugzell
Translation into English:
Gerd H. Söffker, Philip Thrift, Pamela Seidel ISBN: 978-3-7643-8764-8 (hardcover)
ISBN: 978-3-7643-8830-0 (softcover)
Proofreading:
Raymond D. Peat, Alford, UK 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.birkhauser.ch
Production & layout:
Roswitha Siegler
4
Contents
Preface 6 4 Building services 110
Sustainable building services 110
Part A Positions 8 Heating 113
Cooling 128
1 G lobal change Mechanical ventilation 133
Chris Luebkeman 10 Optimising the artificial lighting 136
2 E nergy change Generating electricity 138
Hermann Scheer 14
3 A rchitecture and sustainability – 5 Materials 146
a difficult relationship
Robert Kaltenbrunner 18 Heat flow 148
4 D oing things right – Embodied energy 159
on effi ciency and sustainability Materials in the life cycle 165
Manfred Hegger 24
5 S olar Architecture 6 Strategies 176
Thomas Herzog 28
6 P lanning and building in life cycles Energy concepts 177
Karl-Heinz Petzinka, Bernhard Lenz 32 Politics, legislation,
statutory instruments 183
Planning process 186
Part B Planning 36 Sustainable architecture 190
Diagnosis system for sustainable
1 Fundamentals 38 building quality (DSQ) 192
Global boundary conditions 39
Energy 43
Climate and comfort 51 Part C Case studies 198
2 Urban space and infrastructure 62 Project examples 1 to 20 200 – 257
Land use 62
Planning to suit the location 65 Part D Appendix 258
Infrastructure and technical services 70
Parameters 258
3 Building envelope 82 Climate data 260
LCA data 262
Maintaining and gaining heat 86 Statutory instruments, directives,
Avoiding overheating 95 standards 268
Decentralised ventilation 99 Bibliography 269
Using the daylight 102 Picture credits 272
Generating electricity 106 Subject index 276
5
Preface
The Energy Manual – Sustainable Architecture Sustainability affects the totality of the active
not only adds one more title to the series of planning and running of a building, social, eco-
Construction Manuals but also a new dimension. nomic and ecological concerns. It is a develop-
For the first time it is not primarily concerned ment where today’s society considers the
with fundamentals, a building material or a con- needs of future generations. Sustainability is
struction element group. This Manual approaches defined not only in terms of the qualities of the
design and construction from apparently invis- object being built (object quality), but also by
ible qualities: the sustaina bility and energy- its position (location quality) and its develop-
efficiency of buildings. ment process (process quality). Efficiency in
the use of energy and resources has become
There is a whole range of arguments in favour a key quality indication for a building. The
of this way of looking at things. No other sector instruments of materials- and energy-efficient
of industry uses more materials and energy, building are at the same time architectural
produces more waste and contributes less to methods – lightness and mass, shelter and
material recycling than the building industry. transparency, economical use of space and
For quite some time now, these themes have spatial effect.
also dominated international public discussions
and the process of forming political opinion. There is a considerable difference between
There are many reasons for this; some materials buildings and other objects in daily use. They
are becoming scarce and consequently more already fulfil the requirements for the use of
expensive, others have undesirable effects on renewable energy sources. As a rule they are
the environment and users, and yet others fail connected with the ground and are so near to
to live up to people’s expectations in the long- the surface that they can benefit from the
term. This applies just as much to conventional earth’s even temperature level or from geo-
energy sources. They too are scarce and rapidly thermal heat from deeper strata. They stand in
becoming more and more expensive; and, fur- an unimpeded airflow and can take advantage
thermore, they are considered to be one of the of differences in pressure and wind energy.
main causes of climate change and other envi- They are exposed to daylight and can therefore
ronmental damage. Predictions of how long tap directly into the main energy source avail-
supplies of non-renewable energies such as able to us – the sun. Depending on location,
natural gas and petroleum will last are shorter further renewable energy sources are avail-
than the expected lifetime of many buildings, able: groundwater and rivers, biomass and
and not only the new ones. The global debate biogas, to name but a few.
about reserves is coming to a head, fears about
the safety of supply lines are only all too well Despite having these possibilities so close at
founded. We are becoming increasingly aware hand, where sustainability and energy-efficien-
of the finiteness of many resources and the con- cy are concerned, we in the building trade are
sequences for humankind and the environment. far from the state of development of other
industry sectors. Yet we cannot go on procras-
Architecture and building offer the greatest tinating. Politics sees the need to step in and
potential for a sustainable shaping of the environ- regulate because of foreseeable supply crises,
ment. We will have to strengthen our efforts to conflicts and public opinion, globally, at the
increase materials- and energy-efficiency in European level, nationally and locally. Archi-
construction and the use of buildings. Clever tects and engineers have the chance to make
design and planning decisions could help us their creative opinion-leadership socially effec-
to use resources more sparingly, improve the tive. The potential for improvement is enormous
durab ility of buildings and reduce environmen- and so far has hardly been exploited. The chal-
tal damage. In this way we can create and lenge of sustainable development in the build-
maintain lasting value and contribute to the ing sector presents opportunities in a business
sustainable progress of our society. sector that for a long time has not been particu-
6
larly renowned for new ideas – including scien- demands for sustainability, which up until now like to thank most heartily all those institutions
tific, technical and design innovations, new have only been expressed and devalued in a and people who worked competently with us,
export opportunities and once again as an im- generalised manner – manageable and family members or friends who relieved us of
pulse generator for long-term social develop- assessable. chores, so that we could work on this project
ments. The fundamentals of planning also provide rel- and those who so generously supported us
evant, comprehensive material on different with resources.
The Energy Manual – Sustainable Architecture ways of looking at the subject. They also show Perhaps our readers can sense this energy.
aims to provide a basis for this, to show exam- that we already have a wide selection of well- The energy input will have been worthwhile if
ples and make suggestions. The overall struc- developed technologies at our disposal for it mobilises further energy that takes up the
ture follows the familiar pattern of Edition Detail using the resources efficiently which Earth social and professional challenges and thus
Construction Manuals. offers us, without spoiling her beauty. It is left to encourages the development of architecture
the reader, however, to use this information to and building.
Part A, “Positions”, concentrates on fundamen- develop a solution that suits the place and the
tal aspects of sustainable and energy-efficient task, and which uses a minimum of means to
building. Guest contributions dealing with glo- achieve maximum benefits. Darmstadt, August 2007
bal change and energy change provide the pri- Manfred Hegger
mary themes. The difficult relationship between When selecting the “Case Studies” described
architecture and sustainability are dealt with, in part C, it was always the interrelationship
also the scarcely used potential of solar archi- between a sustainable approach, an energy
tecture. Key issues such as efficiency and life concept and an architectural position that was
cycles reveal the significance of considering in the foreground. These are predominantly
sustainability in architecture. They elucidate the current projects that stand out thanks to their
need for action and show what dynamics such special architectural interpretation of building
a development in building could bring about. sustainability and energy-efficiency. The texts,
diagrams and drawings portraying the build-
Part B, “Fundamentals”, on the other hand, is ings in each case add up an appraisal of the
action-based. Starting off by illustrating the sustainability approach in accordance with the
general basics of sustainability and energy, DNQ system for diagnosing sustainable build-
climate and comfort, the various planning and ing quality. The examples given make it clear
action dimensions of sustainable and energy- that technologies for the efficient use of
efficient building are dealt with. These include resources and energy open up new architec-
urban space and infrastructure, building enve- tural potential – but at the same time it can be
lope and building services and also choice of seen that the search for suitable architectural
materials. Rapid developments in this field, vocabulary for solving society’s new tasks can
especially in energy technology, made it nec- by no means be considered as completed.
essary to revise this section again and again.
The current standard of knowledge at the time The Energy Manual – Sustainable Architecture
of going to press has been clearly set out. The goes far beyond that which the necessarily
statements made in this part lead to instruc- concise title of the book suggests. Energy is at
tions on how to act regarding development and the centre. The intention was, however, to
energy concepts, and on the organisation of a examine this theme extending from urban plan-
planning process as a precondition for sustain- ning und infrastructure beyond the object
able building and for evaluating sustainable dimension into the forming of planning proc-
building quality. Wherever possible, the state- esses – but particularly within the wider context
ments are backed up by photographs or dia- of the sustainable development of architecture
grams. In the last part of this section the DNQ and building.
system for diagnosing sustainable building
quality is introduced and the most important Working on this book tied up a lot of energy,
assessment criteria for building in tune with the particularly human energy, from the team of
future are summarised. They make the authors, colleagues and the publisher. I would
7
Part A Positions
1 G lobal change
Chris Luebkeman
2 E nergy change
Hermann Scheer
3 A rchitecture and sustainability – a difficult relationship
Robert Kaltenbrunner
4 D oing things right – on effic iency and sustainability
Manfred Hegger
5 S olar Architecture
Thomas Herzog
6 P lanning and building in life cycles
Karl-Heinz Petzinka, Bernhard Lenz
Fig. A The Earth viewed from the moon
9
Global change
Chris Luebkeman
A 1.1
As far as the design and construction of the looked at individually. The individual categories
built environment are concerned, we can master such as demographic change, global nomad-
almost everything technically. We are capable ism or urbanisation are divided into five areas
of erecting buildings that produce just as much and analysed individually. This procedure
energy as they use. We can create wonderful allows a group to prioritise the individual drivers
spaces and places where people enjoy being. of change and then examine the correlating
We know how to produce materials that in the- influences for each of the other four areas.
ory will last forever – for instance titanium or Each “Drivers of Change” workshop was car-
glass – and the same applies to materials that ried out using the same method. To start with,
degrade if we wish them to. We can fly faster the groups were asked about the four global
than sound or even stop Brownian motion. And models for the future shown in Fig. A 1.4. Eco-
even so – although we can do all these things – nomic growth and global governance formed
we often look into the future nervously and the two axes [4]. The participants were asked
wonder if we are doing everything right. to draw a vector whose initial point showed the
world today and whose terminal point showed
Drivers of change what could be reality in the world in the next 20
The consulting engineers at Arup have carried years. The results were fascinating: the vectors
out more than 10 000 projects worldwide and did indeed vary according to where the partici-
are renowned for their innovative ideas and pants came from. However, there was a clear
multidisciplinary planning achievements [1]. tendency towards a world striving for economic
From 1999 to 2002 I had the privilege of head- growth but at the same time extremely separated
ing the research and development department. and divided: a more differentiated world con-
A team of 35 people with a great deal of knowl- centrating more on localis, than on globalism.
edge about the built environment at their dis- In the second part of the workshop the partici-
posal advised engineers all over the world whilst pants were asked about their observations con-
the latter explored the bounds of feasibility. cerning the reasons for the change in each of
Straight after that, in 2003, I set up a department the STEEP categories. It became apparent that
known by the name of “Foresight, Innovation + there were some things in common globally,
Incubation” (FII). Since then, this department but also a few differing points of view on these
has helped many clients – private individuals, themes.
firms and governments – to collect their thoughts
about the future. The workshop series “Drivers Five theses
of Change” was a part of this process and The built environment is the foundation of soci-
between 2003 and 2006 some 9500 people on ety. It allows social interaction between all lev-
five continents participated [2]. This involved els. At the present time the world is “urbanis-
every participant revealing what they believe the ing” at an unprecedented rate. Due to the enor-
drivers of change to be, both at global and local mous economic growth in China over the past
level. The results show that there are various 25 years, approximately 300 million people have
core themes such as climate, energy or geo- moved to the towns and cities. This increase is
graphical change, which are embedded in expected to rise by 500 million by 2050 [5].
people’s minds everywhere. At first glance this This represents the greatest mass migration in
does not seem to be particularly remarkable. human history.
Bearing in mind the fact that nowa days we look The cities are changing, developing further –
more closely at geopolitical differences than at using materials from all over the world; just
what people have in common, then finding a about all the regions of the world come into
common global opinion is by no means a fore- contact with others some way every day. How
gone conclusion. In the workshops, the STEEP can the built environment be defined in a world
system was used to evaluate the core themes with ever-increasing dependencies? Who or
A 1.1 View of a power station in the Soweto district,
[3]. In order to have an evenly matched dia- what determines what should be built and how?
Johannesburg (ZA)
A 1.2 Ubiquitous traffic chaos in Shanghai (CHN) logue about the future, each theme category is And how does the “glocal” environment deter-
10
