Energy for the Future: A New Agenda (Energy, Climate and the Environment)

321 Pages·2009·1.24 MB·English

by  Ivan Scrase

EEnneerrggyy ffoorr tthhee FFuuttuurree
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd ii 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5588 PPMM
Energy, Climate and the Environment Series
Series Editor: David Elliott, Professor of Technology, Open University, UK
Titles include:
David Elliott (editor)
NUCLEAR OR NOT?
Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Future?
David Elliott (editor)
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Opportunities and Limitation
Horace Herring and Steve Sorrell (editors)
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
The Rebound Effect
Catherine Mitchell
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Ivan Scrase and Gordon MacKerron (editors)
ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE
A New Agenda
Gill Seyfang
SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION, COMMUNITY ACTION AND
THE NEW ECONOMICS
Seeds of Change
Joseph Szarka
WIND POWER IN EUROPE
Politics, Business and Society
Energy, Climate and the Environment
Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0–230-00800-7 (hb)
978-0-230-22150-5 (pb)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand-
ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the
address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN
quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd iiii 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5588 PPMM
Energy for the Future
A New Agenda
Edited by
Ivan Scrase
Research Fellow, Sussex Energy Group
SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research
University of Sussex, UK
and
Gordon MacKerron
Director, Sussex Energy Group
SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research
University of Sussex, UK
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd iiiiii 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5588 PPMM
Editorial matter and selection © Ivan Scrase and Gordon MacKerron 2009
Foreword © Sigrid Stagl 2009
All remaining chapters © respective authors 2009
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identifi ed
as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2009 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN-13: 978-0-230-22151-2 hardback
ISBN-10: 0-230-22151-3 hardback
ISBN-13: 978-0-230-22152-9 paperback
ISBN-10: 0-230-22152-1 paperback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd iivv 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5588 PPMM
We dedicate Energy for the Future to the memory of the late
Dr Shimon Awerbuch, a great colleague and friend who
very much wanted to contribute to this book, and who
would have brought his characteristic rigour, originality
and enthusiasm to the task. He is much missed.
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd vv 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5588 PPMM
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
List of Figures x
List of Tables and Boxes xi
Foreword xii
Sigrid Stagl
Acknowledgements xvi
Notes on Contributors xvii
Abbreviations xix
Series Editor’s Preface xxi
Part I The Energy Policy Agenda
1 Introduction: Climate Policy is Energy Policy 3
Ivan Scrase, Tao Wang, Gordon MacKerron,
Francis McGowan and Steve Sorrell
1.1 Energy policy in context 4
1.2 Energy security and energy ‘shocks’ 7
1.3 Climate change in a global perspective 10
1.4 Energy for the future: An overview of the new agenda 17
2 International Regimes for Energy: Finding the
Right Level for Policy 20
Francis McGowan
2.1 Governing energy at the global level 22
2.2 Regional governance: A better fit? 27
2.3 Making energy and climate policy: A multilevel
challenge 33
3 Energy Issues: Framing and Policy Change 35
Ivan Scrase and David Ockwell
3.1 A discourse perspective 37
3.2 Energy policy goals, positions and debates 43
3.3 Reframing energy policy? 52
4 Energy Governance: The Challenges of Sustainability 54
Adrian Smith
4.1 Today’s problems, yesterday’s governance 56
4.2 Inherited energy systems, sustainable transformations 62
vii
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd vviiii 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5588 PPMM
viii Contents
4.3 G eneric challenges for sustainable energy governance 68
4.4 Empowering energy policy 74
5 Lessons from the UK on Urgency and Legitimacy
in Energy Policymaking 76
Gordon MacKerron
5.1 Energy policy in the UK, 1945–2000 76
5.2 The new energy debate after 2000 79
5.3 Reconciling urgency and legitimacy 88
6 Lock-In 89
Ivan Scrase and Gordon MacKerron
6.1 An evolutionary perspective: Evidence and theory 90
6.2 ‘ Free’ market ideology and practice as a barrier
to transitions 95
6.3 Competition is not everything 100
Part II Towards a New Agenda
7 Deliberative Socio-Technical Transitions 103
Markku Lehtonen and Florian Kern
7.1 Technocracy in energy policy: A critique 107
7.2 P romoting transitions through deliberation,
scenarios and learning 110
7.3 Deliberative energy policymaking for transitions 121
8 Technology Assessment and Innovation Policy 123
Jim Watson
8.1 Not picking winners? 126
8.2 Setting future priorities 131
8.3 Playing to national strengths: The UK example 141
9 Distributed Generation: Transforming the Electricity Network 147
Raphael Sauter and Dierk Bauknecht
9.1 Distributed generation 148
9.2 The infrastructure and governance challenges 152
9.3 Network transformation 154
9.4 Politics, policy and regulation 163
10 Energy and the Citizen 165
Mari Martiskainen and Jim Watson
10.1 Home energy: A green future? 166
10.2 Individual and community action: Removing
barriers 171
10.3 Limits to choice? 175
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd vviiiiii 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5599 PPMM
Contents ix
10.4 Energy efficiency and energy services 179
10.5 From rhetoric to action 181
11 Carbon Trading 183
Steve Sorrell
11.1 The role of carbon trading 183
11.2 The EU Emissions Trading Scheme 189
11.3 Economic, social and environmental considerations 195
11.4 Carbon trading in the UK 202
11.5 Making carbon trading effective 206
12 Global Energy Solutions? 209
Francis McGowan, David Ockwell, Gordon MacKerron,
Jim Watson, Markku Lehtonen and Ivan Scrase
12.1 The potential for global technical fixes 210
12.2 Technology transfer 216
12.3 From competition to cooperation 219
Part III Conclusions and Policy Implications
13 Conclusions: Transitions, Governance and Appraisal 223
Ivan Scrase, Dierk Bauknecht, Florian Kern, Markku Lehtonen,
Gordon MacKerron, Mari Martiskainen, Francis McGowan,
David Ockwell, Raphael Sauter, Adrian Smith, Steve Sorrell,
Tao Wang and Jim Watson
13.1 Transitions 224
13.2 Governance 229
13.3 Appraisal 234
14 Energy Policy Implications 239
Ivan Scrase, Florian Kern, Markku Lehtonen, Gordon MacKerron,
Mari Martiskainen, Francis McGowan, David Ockwell,
Raphael Sauter, Adrian Smith, Steve Sorrell, Tao Wang
and Jim Watson
14.1 New principles and approaches 240
14.2 Stimulating infrastructure and technology change 242
14.3 Reforming institutions and markets 244
14.4 Building authority and legitimacy in government 246
14.5 The new agenda 248
Afterword: Sustainable Energy – The Challenge of Choice 251
Andy Stirling
References 261
Index 284
PPPPLL--UUKK__EEFF--SSccrraassee__ffmm..iinndddd iixx 11//1122//22000099 55::2233::5599 PPMM