Energy, Environment and Development (Second Edition)

481 Pages·2009·14.391 MB·English

by  Jose Goldemberg, Oswaldo Lucon

HARDBACK SPINE 39.6MM
e
‘We won’t be able to address climate The relationship between energy and the
change if the world sees it purely as an environment has been the basis of many studies
environmental problem.That’s why books over the years, as has the relationship between
like this, which show we can tackle energy and development, yet both of these
climate change and promote prosperity, approaches may produce distortions. In the first
are so important. By drawing out the links edition of this book, José Goldemberg pioneered
E
between climate change and economic the study of all three elements in relation to
development it provides the sort of one another. With contributions from Oswaldo N
broader framework for thinking that will Lucon, this second edition has been expanded D
V
help us get the big decisions right.’ and updated to cover how energy is related to
E
ED MILIBAND, the major challenges of sustainability faced by I
Secretary of State for Energy and Climate the world today. V R
E
Change, UK Government E O
New coverage is included of today’s pressing N
‘This very timely book is a welcome issues, including security, environmental impact L N
E
addition to the literature on a topic that is assessment and future climate change/renewable O
rightly occupying centre stage in global energy regimes. The authors also cover all major M R
discussions. Climate change is the biggest new international agreements and technological P
G
challenge our civilization has had to face developments. The second edition of Energy, M E
because it requires the collective response Environment and Developmentis the result of N Y
of all peoples and all nations. The view of many years of study and practical experience E
,
developing countries, contained in this in policy formulation, discussion and N T
volume, is crucial to negotiations towards implementation in these fields by the authors.
defossilizing our economies.’ Its technical yet accessible style will make T A
PROFESSOR SIR DAVID KING, it suitable for students on a range of courses, N
Director of the Smith School of as well as non-energy specialists who desire
D
Enterprise and the Environment an overview of recent thought in the area.
and Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK
ENERGY,
SECOND EDITION
Government 2000–2007 José Goldembergis Professor and former Rector
of the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil.
‘Energy systems need to change around He contributed to the Nobel-awarded International A J
N O
ENVIRONMENT
the world to help address environment Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and was D S AND
and other sustainable development recognized by Time Magazine as a ‘Hero of the OÉ
M
challenges. How energy solutions can be Environment’. In 2008, he won the Blue Planet O.CO SW G
identified, developed, and implemented Prize for contributions to the environment. HOT A O DEVELOPMENT
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Environmental Economics, Panel’s Special Report on Renewable Energy MAR O R SECOND EDITION
Lund University, Sweden Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. AST © N G
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ISBN 978-1-84407-748-9 ear thscan WITH P ea
,!7IB8E4-ahheij! publishing for a sustainable future NFIELD rt JOSÉ GOLDEMBERG
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Earthscan strives to minimize AGE: C sc OSWALDO LUCON
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00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page i
Energy, Environment and
Development
00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page ii
00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page iii
Energy, Environment and
Development
José Goldemberg and Oswaldo Lucon
London•Sterling,VA
00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page iv
FirstpublishedbyEarthscanintheUKandUSAin2010
Copyright©ProfessorJoséGoldembergandOswaldoLucon,2010
Firsteditionpublishedin1996
Allrightsreserved
ISBN:HB978-1-84407-748-9
PB 978-1-84407-749-6
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Goldemberg,José,1928-
Energy,environmentanddevelopment/JoséGoldembergandOswaldoLucon.
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Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-84407-748-9(hardback)-ISBN978-1-84407-749-6(pbk.) 1. Energy
development-Environmentalaspects.2. Energyconsumption. I.Lucon,Oswaldo.II.Title.
TD195.E49G852009
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2009006512
AtEarthscanwestrivetominimizeourenvironmentalimpactsandcarbonfootprint
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00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page v
Contents
ListofFigures,TablesandBoxes vii
ForewordtotheSecondEdition xxi
ForewordbyAchimSteiner xxiii
ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations xxv
1Connections 1
2Energy 3
Forces
Conceptofenergy
Theexpansionofgasesandtheevolutionofsteamengines
Power
Thelawsofthermodynamics
3EnergyandHumanActivities 35
Theenergycostofsatisfyingbasichumanneeds
Energyconsumptionasafunctionofincome
Energyconsumptioninruralareasandinperi-urbanhouseholds
4EnergySources 45
Classificationofthesourcesofenergy
Energybalances
Energyresourcesandreserves
Energyconsumptionperinhabitant
5EnergyandDevelopment 65
GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andNationalAccounting
Economicgrowth
Disparitiesinincomedistribution
QualityoflifeandtheKuznetscurve
HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)
Therelationshipforenergy-development
Energyintensity:energyandeconomicproduct
6Energy:TheFacts 101
Environmentalimpactsduetoenergyproductionanduse
Qualificationofenvironmentalimpactsinfunctionofincome
Localurbanpollution
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vi Energy,EnvironmentandDevelopment
Regionalpollution
Globalaspects:thegreenhouseeffect
Occupationalpollution
7EnergyandtheEnvironment:TheCauses 181
Indicators
Contributionbysources
8TechnicalSolutions 243
Energyefficiency
Technologicaladvancesinpowerproduction
Renewableenergies
Transportation
Industryandotherstationarypollutionsources
Electricityconsumptioninresidential,commercialand
publicsectors
Combattingdeforestation
9PoliciestoReduceEnvironmentalDegradation 337
Geographicalscaleofimpacts
Environmentallawandenergy
Environmentalsupportcapacity:managementbyquality
Environmentalprotectioncosts
Thecostofclimatechange
Energypolicies
Integratedresourceplanning
Barriersforemissionreductionandovercomingpolicies
Controlofdeforestation
10WorldEnergyTrends 381
Projections
Conclusionsfromtheoutlooks
Technologicalchange
Energyintensitytrends
11EnergyandLifestyles 403
Lifestyleandconsumptionpatterns
Consumerprofiles
12EnergyandtheScienceAcademies 413
Annex1Energy,EnvironmentandDevelopmentTimeline 417
Annex2ConversionUnits 429
Index 441
00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page vii
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
2.1 Potentialandkineticenergy 6
2.2 Relationshipbetweenpotentialandkineticenergiesand 6
work
2.3 Workdoesnotdependonthepathway 7
2.4 Perpetualmotion:left,thesymbolofawheelinIndian 8
SanchiStupa;above,theprincipledescribedby
Brahmagupta
2.5 RobertFludd’sperpetualmotionpresentedat‘DeSimila 9
Naturae’
2.6 Internalenergycomponents 10
2.7 Examplesofanopen(tree)andaclosed(PlanetEarth) 13
system
2.8 ExpansionofgasesandtheexperimentbyHeronof 16
Alexandria
2.9 Mechanicalworkconductedbyairexpansion 17
2.10 Newcomen’sengine 17
2.11 Evolutioninsteamengines’efficiency 18
2.12 Energyconversionprocesses 22
2.13 Signalconventionforwork(W)andheat(Q) 23
2.14 LawZeroofThermodynamics:thermalequilibrium 23
principle
2.15 Energybalanceinaclosedsystem,withoutmassflows 24
2.16 EnergybalanceoftheEarth 24
2.17 Energybalanceinanopensystem 25
2.18 Entropyandmixtureoftwogases:(a)beforeand(b)after 26
2.19 Efficiencyofheatengines 27
2.20 SankeyDiagram:energyflowsandefficiency 28
2.21 ExamplesofstagesoftheCarnotCycle 29
2.22 DemonstrationoftheCarnotCycle,diagramT-S 29
2.23 Thermalengineandheatpump 30
3.1 Developmentstagesandenergyconsumption 36
3.2 Energyconsumptionbyincomeclass(measuredby 39
minimumwages)inBrazil,1988
00_Energy Environ_i-xxviii 28/10/09 12:58 Page viii
viii Energy,EnvironmentandDevelopment
3.3 Householdenergyusebyenergycommodity 40
3.4 Costofthemajorinputsinpercentualfunctionofthe 43
wageunitinBrazilbetween1999and2003
4.1 Worldenergybyprimarysources,2006 48
4.2 Lifecycleofanenergysystem 49
4.3 Worldprimaryenergysupplybysource 50
4.4 Totalfuel(secondaryenergy)consumptionbyregion 50
4.5 Worldprovedoilreservesinbillionsofbarrels,endof 56
2007
5.1 Long-termhistoricalevolutionofindustrializedcountries’ 66
energyintensity
5.2 Powerconsumption(2003)andgrossdomesticproduct 68
atthepurchasingpowerparity,2004
5.3 GDPpercapitaintheworld,in2005nominalUSdollars, 75
anditsrelationwiththeGDPmeasuredbythepurchasing
powerparity–PPP
5.4 Projectionsforpopulationgrowth(inbillions)ofdeveloped 76
anddevelopingregions
5.5 Worldincomedistribution,1992 80
5.6 Populationdistribution(area=100percentorabout 80
sixbillionpeople)infunctionoftheworldincomein2000
5.7 Incomedistributionamongthepopulationindifferent 81
countriesin2000
5.8 Incomedistribution:graphicrepresentationoftheLorentz 81
curvewhichallowscalculatingtheGiniindex
5.9 Kuznetscurve 83
5.10 Kuznetscurveandtheleapfroggingeffect 84
5.11 Schematicrepresentationoftheeffectofintroducing 85
environmentalprotectionpoliciesontheincome
5.12 HDIbycountryovertime 87
5.13 EnergyandtheUNpriorityareasfordevelopment 89
5.14 Incomeasafunctionofcommercialenergypercapita 90
5.15 HDIasafunctionofenergyconsumptionpercapita, 91
bycountry
5.16 HDIinfunctionof(directandindirect)energy 92
consumptionpercapita,pernon-OECDcountry,2003
5.17 Graphicrepresentationofelasticities 94
6.1 Stagesofpollutantsimpact:emissions,atmospheric 108
dispersion,intakebyreceptorsandpossible
bioaccumulation,pathologies
6.2 Pollutionplumeandconcentrationofagivensubstance: 109
resultsofdispersionmodels
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ListofFigures,TablesandBoxes ix
6.3 Contaminationofwaterbeds(plumerepresentingthe 110
increaseinpollutantconcentrationinundergroundwater)
byfuelleakages(loadcausedbyemissions)inavehicle
fillingstation
6.4 Transitionoftheenvironmentalimpactrisksofair 111
pollutioninfunctionofincomelevels
6.5 SO emissionsinfunctionofincomeinMexico 112
2
6.6 CO emissions asafunctionofincome(adjustedbythe 113
2
purchasingpowerparity–PPP)bycountryin2000
6.7 Microeconomicrepresentationoftheexternalityconcept 114
onthesupplyanddemandcurves
6.8 PollutioninDonora,Pennsylvania,US,1910and1948 116
6.9 TheGreatLondonSmog,1952:photographsanddaily 117
sulphurdioxideconcentrationsandrelateddeaths
6.10 PM concentrationsinAsiancities,2003,andothercities 120
10
intheworld,1997
6.11 Proportionofservicelifeyearslostduetodiseases 121
attributedtoairpollutionin2003
6.12 Fineparticulates 124
6.13 Pathwaysofpollutants 125
6.14 AnnualpollutantconcentrationsinselectedChinesecities 127
6.15 Thermalinversion 128
6.16 Differenteffectsofpollutantconcentrationbyplume 130
emissions,functionofthetemperatureprofile
6.17 EmissioninventoryoflocalpollutantsintheUS 131
6.18 ContributionofkeycategoriestoEU-27emissionsofNO , 132
x
CO,NMVOCs,SO ,NH ,PM andPM in2006
x 3 10 2.5
6.19 Backgroundpollution:particulatematterburningsinthe 133
AmazonanditspathuptothecityofSaoPaulo
6.20 Annualaverageofozoneconcentrations,partsperbillionin 134
volume,2000
6.21 Atmospherelayers:troposphereandstratosphere 135
6.22 HydrogenionconcentrationaspHfrommeasurementsin 136
theUS,1999
6.23 AcidificationrisksinEurope,1990 137
6.24 Acidraincycle 138
6.25 Acidrain:emittersandreceptors 140
6.26 The‘greenhouseeffect’ 141
6.27 Changesinthegreenhouseeffectmechanism 142
6.28 Maincomponentsoftheradiativeforcingofclimatechange 143
between1750and2005
6.29 Causesofriseinoceanlevel 145