Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting

864 Pages·2001·45.83 MB·English

by  Gunther Hanreich (auth.)

Energy Efficiency
in Household Appliances
and Lighting
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Paolo Bertoldi · Andrea Ricci
Anibal de Almeida
Editors
Energy Efficiency
in Household Appliances
and Lighting
With 280 Figures
and 155 Tables
, Springer
Dr. Paolo Bertoldi
European Commission, DG TREN
Rue de la Loi, 200
1049 Brussels
Belgium
Dr. Andrea Ricci
ISIS
Via Flaminia 21
00196 Rome
Italy
Prof. Anibal de Almeida
University de Coimbra
Dep. Eng. Electrotecnica
3030 Coimbra
Portugal
ISBN 978-3-540-41482-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PubIication Data
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Energy efficiency in household appIiances and Iighting: with 155 tables / Paolo Bertoldi
... ed. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris;
Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 2001
ISBN 978-3-540-41482-7 ISBN 978-3-642-56531-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56531-1
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Preface
Household appliances encompass a large variety ofequipment including the cold
appliances (refrigerators and freezers), the wet appliances (washing machines,
dishwashers and dryers), the space conditioning appliances (heaters, air
conditioners, heat pumps, fans, boilers), the waterheaters, the cookingappliances,
a wide array of consumer electronics (such as TVs, VCRs, HiFi systems) and
miscellaneous small appliances (such as vacuum cleaners, irons, toasters,
hairdryers and power tools). Household appliances save a large amount of
domestic labour to perform the household tasks, as well as provide comfort
conditionsandconveniencetothehouseholdoccupants.
The European Community SAVE Programme has promoted the efficient use of
energy, in particular in domestic appliances. SAVE has sponsored a variety of
studies to characterise the use ofthe main household appliances and lighting and
to identify cost-effective technical options to improve the energy efficiency, as
well as to identifythe strategies to promote the penetration ofefficientequipment
in the market place. National energy agencies, independent experts and appliance
manufacturers have participated in the SAVE activities and have done a
remarkablejob. While the energy efficiencyofthe main householdappliances has
been improved, at the same time it was possible in most cases to improve the
appliance performance, reliabilityand qualityofservice.
Household appliances use over600 TWh ofelectricityand over 1600TWhofgas
peryear in the European Union. Significantprogresshas beenachievedinthepast
decade in the advancement of energy efficiency in the household, but with the
savings potential still available, a large effort is required to continue the progress
carried out so far. Considering only the electrical appliances, it is estimated that
the use of the best available cost-effective technology could save over 180
TWh/year.
Domestic Lighting is responsible for about5%,that isabout 100TWh/year, ofthe
electricity consumption in the European Union. The development of compact
fluorescent lamps was a milestone in residential lighting, by slashing the
consumption of inefficient and low duration incandescent bulbs. The large scale
application of compact fluorescent lamps can save about 25 TWh/year in the
European Union. The continuous improvement of improved lamps, ballasts,
fixtures and intelligent controls can contribute to further reduce the electricity
consumptionbyover30%ofthe presentconsumption.
VI
The 1997 Kyoto Conference defined CO emission targets for the developed
2
regions ofthe world. The EU target of decreasing the emissions 8% below the
1990 level, by 20I0, will require a very substantial effort covering basically all
activities ifsuch a target is to be reached. Energy-efficient household appliances
and lighting can provide one of the most important opportunities to achieve
electricity and gas savings in a cost effective way, avoiding at the same time the
emissionofhundredsofmillionsoftons ofcarbon.
The reduction ofenergy consumption through improvements in energy efficiency
isoneofthe major instruments fordevelopedand developingcountriestomeetthe
Kyoto commitments. Energy efficiency is also a key element of the European
Union (EU) energy policy, since it improves the efficiency of the economy,
increases energy supply security, and decreases harmful emissions due to
electricitygenerationandgascombustion.
The 2nd International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances
and Lighting held in Naples, 27-29 September, 2000, follows on from the very
successful First International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household
Appliances, held in Florence, Italy, 10-12November, 1997.There is evidencethat
the discussions and networkingresultingfrom theseconferencesplayan important
step forward to better define research, development, standardisation, policies and
programmestopromoteenergy-efficientappliancesand lightingaroundtheworld.
The 2nd International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances
and Lightingbroughttogetherover200 prominentexperts, representingadiversity
of stakeholders from all over the world, providing a variety ofexperiences and
perspectives,to discussthe latestdevelopmentscovering:
• New technology developments, in different types ofappliances and lighting,
coveringbothresearchresultsas wellas innovativeapplications
• Policies and policy instruments, including labelling and minimum
performancestandards
• International programmes for market transformation and energy efficiency
improvements as well as novel alternatives for financing and promoting
energy-efficientappliancesand lightingprojects
The conference main message was to substantially reinforce the policies and
programmes for market transformation for domestic appliances and lighting,
through the use of standards, labels, procurement and R&D. In particular
international co-operation between countries and economic areas would enhance
theeffortsand results ofindividual countries, and meetthe increasingglobalisation
ofmanufacturersofdomesticappliances.
VII
This bookcontains the keynote presentations made inthe general sessions, aswell
as most the papers presented in the parallel sessions. It is hoped that the
availability of this book will enable a large audience to benefit from the
presentations made in this conference. Potential readers who maybenefitfrom this
book include researchers, engineers, policymakers, energy agencies, electric
utilities, and all those who can influence the design, selection, application and
operation of electric motor systems. The book is structured into the following
chapters:
• General Sessions
• WashingMachinesandDetergentsTechnology
• Refrigeration AppliancesandVacuum PanelTechnology
• Gas and Electric InstalledAppliances(Heating, WaterHeating,Cooling)
• Motorand ITTechnologyforAppliances
• ConsumerElectronics
• Domestic Lighting(Technology, DSM Programmes)
• TestMethods forAppliances
• End-useMonitoring(In-situMonitoring, SmartMetering,Tariff)
• Policiesand GovernmentalProgrammes (Standards, Labelling)
• Policiesand Governmental Programmes (DSM, Action Plan)
The 2nd International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances
and Lighting had as its main sponsor the SAVE II Programme (Specific Actions
for Vigorous Energy Efficiency), which was adopted by the Council of the
European Communities. We also wish to acknowledge the following institutions
that helped by sponsoring the event: ANPA, ADEME, ASSIL, ASSOLUCE,
CECED, ENEA, ENEL, FEDERELETTRICA, NAPOLETANAGAS and SAES
GETTERS. The support ofall the sponsors and their generous funding was very
importantinensuringthesuccessofthisconferenceand isgreatlyappreciated.
TheEditors
PaoloBertoldi
Andrea Ricci
Anibalde Almeida
Contents
Preface.............................................................................. V
GENERALSESSIONS
OpeningSpeech , '" " ..
GuntherHanreich
Speechbythe MinistryofIndustryandTrade................................. 7
AngeloRega
EnergyEfficiencyofourAppliancesinthe HouseholdIndustry............ 9
Hans-PeterHaase
DomesticLightingandEnergyEfficiency:theAssoluce Position......... 17
RiccardoSarfatti
The Road to Kyoto: What we Have Achieved, What Shall Be Done
(Technologies)..................................................................... 23
GiannunzioGuzzini
EnergyServices inthe Domestic Sectoras aResultofthe Liberalised
Market.............................................................................. 29
GuglielmoGandino
TheWay Forward , 32
RuudTrines
EnergyEfficiencyStandardsinthe U.S............ 34
Car/Adam
PARALLELSESSIONS
1.Washing Machinesand DetergentsTechnology
HighPerformanceClothesWasherin-SiteDemonstrationinaMulti-
HousingMulti-UserEnvironment... 37
GrahamParkerandGregSullivan
x
20%LessEnergyon WashingMachines: HowWeretheSavings
Achieved?........ . ... ......... ... ... 48
RainerStamminger
FieldTestofHeat-FedWashingMachinesandLaundry
Dryers.................................................................................... 58
F. T. S. ZegersandE. C. Molenbroek
HeatPumporGas-Heating: NewApproachestoSaveEnergyfor
DryingofLaundry.................................................................................... 71
Hans-Joachim Klug
New WashingTechnologiesfortheNewMillennium.............................. 78
Hans G. HlochandH. Kruessmann
HowPreciseLabellingCanBeDone?
Experiencewith Energy-LabelVerification Procedures for Washing
Machines..................................................................................... 89
UlrichSommer
Assessment ofthe Cleaning Efficiency ofDomestic Washing Machines
withArtificiallySoiledTestCloth............................................................ 95
P. M 1. Terpstra
2.Refrigeration Appliancesand VacuumPanelTechnology
DevelopmentofaNewEnergyEfficientCombined
Refrigerator/Freezer............................................................... 107
PerHeinrikPedersenandEivindSa//o
The Effect ofThermal Aging ofPolyurethane to Increasing the Energy
ConsumptionofRefrigeratorand Freezer................................................ 114
Fatih Ozkadi
Vacuum InsulationPanels(VIPs)Technology: AViableRouteto
ImproveEnergyEfficiencyinDomestic Refrigeratorsand Freezers........ 122
PaoloManii1i
TechnicalandEconomicalEvaluationofVacuumInsulatedPanels fora
EuropeanFreezer........ 128
AssaadZoughaibandDenisClodic
3.Gasand ElectricInstalledAppliances(Heating,WaterHeating,
Cooling)
Socio-TechnicalNetworksandthe SadCaseoftheCondensingBoiler... 141
NickBanks
XI
InternationalHeatPumpStatusand PolicyReview.................................. 156
1. Bouma
Innovative Heating- AirConditioningSystemwith ElectricHeatPump
in Residentialand ServicesSectors.......................................................... 168
SergioZanoUn
Operazione"CaldaiaSicura", Maintenanceand Inspectionfor Heating
Systems............... 177
M Macaluso andC. DeMasi
Designfor EnergyEfficiencyasaBasisfor InnovationsinKitchen
Appliances
"ExNihiloNil Fit,NilFitAdNihilum" 182
BasFlipsen, Jasper KootandGeert Timmers
Energy UseofCentralHeatingPumps, ApplianceEfficiencyatthe
ComponentLevel.. 192
Nils Thorup
Natural Gas for Domestic Appliances in Austria. Future Perspectives
andthe PotentialofEnergyEfficientTechnologies.................................. 198
HerbertRitterandGeorgeBenke
Cogeneration forEnergySavinginHouseholdApplications................... 210
Massimo Denticed'Accadia, MaurizioSassoandSergioSibilia
4. Motorand ItTechnology for Appliances(Refrigerators, Ale,
Washing Machines)
AnEfficientInductionMotorVectorControllerfor WashingMachine
Applications...................................... . 223
Stefano Frattesi, RobertoPetrellaandMarco Tursini
An ImprovedPennanentMagnetSynchronousMotorDrivefor
HouseholdRefrigerators............................................................................ 235
FrancescoParasiliti, RobertoPetrellaandMarco Tursini
VoltageRegulatorforSingle-PhaseAsynchronousMotor....................... 247
AndreaBianchiandDavideMartini
EnergyUseofU.S. ConsumerElectronicsatthe Endofthe20thCentury 256
Karen RosenandAlanMeier