Energy Conversion and Particle Acceleration in the Solar Corona

321 Pages·2003·5.72 MB·English

by  Karl-Ludwig Klein (auth.)

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Karl-Ludwig Klein (Ed.)
Energy Conversion
and Particle
Acceleration
in the Solar Corona
1 3
Editor
Karl-LudwigKlein
ObservatoiredeParis,
SectiondeMeudon,
LESIA,
5,placeJulesJanssen
92195MeudonPrincipalCedex,France
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Preface
The conversion of energy generated in the Sun’s interior creates its hot corona
and a wealth of dynamical phenomena such as flares, mass ejections and tran-
sientnonthermalpopulationsofchargedparticles.Theseprocessesareofgeneral
interest in astrophysics. In the case of the Sun they can be probed by a unique
combination of imaging, spectrographic and in situ measurements. Radio obser-
vations provide important diagnostics, and many instruments are operated by
small research groups in Europe. The stimulation of joint investigations using
radio diagnostics is a major role of CESRA, the Community of European Solar
Radio Astronomers. This volume is based on the CESRA Workshop and Euro-
conference Energy Conversion and Particle Acceleration in the Solar Corona
held 2–6 July 2001, at Schloss Ringberg near Tegernsee (Germany). It aims to
addressabroadercommunityofastrophyscists,includinggraduatestudentsand
researchers who want to gain an insight into this subject.
The workshop was organised by a scientific committee composed of C. Alis-
sandrakis (Greece), F. Chiuderi-Drago and G. Einaudi (Italy), M. Karlicky´
(CzechRepublic),K.-L.Klein(France),J.Kuijpers(TheNetherlands;president
of the joint Solar Physics Section of the European Physical Society and the Eu-
ropean Astronomical Society), and G. Mann and R. Treumann (Germany). The
localorganiserswereR.TreumannandA.Czaykowska(MaxPlanckInstitutfu¨r
ExtraterrestischePhysik,Munich),assistedbytheCopernicusGesellschaft.The
participants will remember the pleasant and stimulating atmosphere of Schloss
Ringberg, operated by the Max Planck Gesellschaft, and the kind hospitality of
Dr. A. Hoermann and his collaborators. Funding by the European Community
wasessentialtoenabletheparticipationofyoungcolleaguesandkeynotespeak-
ers. Important financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and
the Observatoire de Parisis also gratefully acknowleged. The Editor is indebted
to the referees of the contributions. Among them were T. Amari, M. Aschwan-
den,R.Canfield,D.Delcourt,P.D´emoulin,G.Holman,H.Hudson,L.Kocharov,
J.Kuijpers,A.Mangeney,S.Pohjolainen,L.Vlahos,andS.White.Last,butnot
least, he would like to thank Dr. C. Caron (Springer Verlag) for his continued
encouragement and helpful advice.
Meudon, Karl-Ludwig Klein
September 2002 on behalf of the Scientific Organising Committee
Contents
Introduction
Karl-Ludwig Klein ................................................. 1
Part I Energy Release and Magnetic Reconnection
Magnetic Reconnection on the Sun
and in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
Manfred Scholer ................................................... 9
Magnetic 3-D Configurations of Energy Release in Solar Flares
Bojan Vrˇsnak...................................................... 28
Theoretical Models of Magnetic Configurations
Relevant to Energy Release
Yihua Yan ........................................................ 48
The Energy Release Process in Solar Flares;
Constraints from TRACE Observations
Lyndsay Fletcher, Harry P. Warren .................................. 58
Radio Diagnostics of Flare Energy Release
Arnold O. Benz.................................................... 80
Signature of Energy Release and Particle Acceleration
Observed by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph
Kiyoto Shibasaki ................................................... 96
How Well Do We Understand Magnetic Reconnection?
Dieter Biskamp.................................................... 109
Part II Energetic Particles at and from the Sun
What Can Be Learned About Competing Acceleration Models
from Multiwavelength Observations?
Nicole Vilmer, Alexander L. MacKinnon.............................. 127
VIII Contents
Transport of Energy from the Corona to the Chromosphere
During Flares
Petr Heinzel, Marian Karlick´y....................................... 161
On the Origin of Solar Energetic Particle Events
S¨am Krucker ...................................................... 179
Acceleration and Propagation of Solar Energetic Particles
Wolfgang Dro¨ge ................................................... 193
Particle Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection
Yuri E. Litvinenko ................................................. 213
Particle Acceleration Processes in Cosmic Plasmas
Reinhard Schlickeiser............................................... 230
Part III Aspects of Current Research
Recent Progress in Understanding Energy Conversion
and Particle Acceleration in the Solar Corona
Bernhard Kliem, Alec MacKinnon, G´erard Trottet, Tim Bastian ......... 263
Solar Observations at Submillimeter Wavelengths
Pierre Kaufmann .................................................. 294
Index............................................................315
List of Contributors
Timothy S. Bastian Marian Karlicky´
National Radio Astronomy Astronomical Institute
Observatory Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA Republic
[email protected] 25165 Ondˇrejov, Czech Republic
[email protected]
Arnold O. Benz
Institute of Astronomy Pierre Kaufmann
ETH Zentrum CRAAM
8092 Zurich, Switzerland Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
[email protected] Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil
[email protected]
Dieter Biskamp
Centre for Interdisciplinary Plasma Bernhard Kliem
Science Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam
Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rPlasmaphysik 14482 Potsdam, Germany
85748 Garching, Germany [email protected]
[email protected]
S¨am Krucker
Wolfgang Dr¨oge Space Sciences Laboratory
Bartol Research Institute University of California
University of Delaware Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
Newark, DE 19716, USA [email protected]
[email protected]
Yuri E. Litvinenko
Lyndsay Fletcher Institute for the Study of Earth,
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy Oceans, and Space
University of Glasgow University of New Hampshire
Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K. Durham, NH 03824-3525, USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Petr Heinzel Alexander L. MacKinnon
Astronomical Institute Department of Adult and Continuing
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Education
Republic University of Glasgow
25165 Ondˇrejov, Czech Republic Glasgow, G3 6LP, UK
[email protected] [email protected]
X List of Contributors
Reinhard Schlickeiser Nicole Vilmer
Institut fu¨r Theoretische Physik LESIA, Observatoire de Paris
Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum- und Section d’Astrophysique de Meudon
Astrophysik 92195 Meudon C´edex, France
Ruhr-Universita¨t Bochum [email protected]
44780 Bochum, Germany
[email protected]
Bojan Vrˇsnak
Hvar Observatory
Manfred Scholer
Faculty of Geodesy
Centre for Interdisciplinary Plasma
Kaˇci´ceva 26
Science
10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r extrater-
[email protected]
restrische Physik
85740 Garching, Germany
[email protected] Harry P. Warren
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Kiyoto Shibasaki
Astrophysics
Nobeyama Radio Observatory
60 Garden Street
Minamimaki
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Minamisaku, Nagano 384-1305, Japan
[email protected]
[email protected]
G´erard Trottet Yihua Yan
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris National Astronomical Observatories
Section d’Astrophysique de Meudon Chinese Academy of Sciences
92195 Meudon C´edex, France Beijing 100012, China
[email protected] [email protected]
Introduction
Karl-Ludwig Klein
Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are prominent signatures of the
explosive release of energy stored in the coronal magnetic field. At some point
during the evolution of a magnetic field configuration the stored energy is con-
verted into heat, kinetic energy of bulk flows (ejecta) and energetic particle
populations. Observations with increasing sensitivity and temporal resolution
have shown that the corona varies on a broad range of time and length scales.
It is now thought that the apparently steadily heated corona itself may owe its
existence to similar explosive phenomena of interactions between plasmas and
magnetic fields. The manner in which magnetically stored energy is converted
to other forms, and prominently to energetic particle populations, is clearly of
central importance for coronal physics.
TheobservationalcoverageoftheSunimprovedtremendouslyduringthelast
decade. The SoHO, TRACE and Yohkoh satellites have been providing imaging
andspectroscopicdatawhichfurtheredourcurrentunderstandingthatmagnetic
reconnectionisakeyprocessofenergyreleaseinthesolaratmosphere.Energetic
particle diagnostics from gamma-rays to radio waves have shown the ubiquity
of non thermal particle populations in the corona, while in situ measurements
ofsolarenergeticparticlesnotablywithUlysses,WINDandACEdemonstrated
thevarietyofthesepopulationsandprovidednewelementsfortheirunderstand-
ing. The role of radio observations in this field is twofold: radio emissions are
an extremely sensitive tracer of non thermal electrons and therefore of energy
release processes, and the broad range of frequencies covered by contemporary
instruments probes these electrons from the low corona to interplanetary space.
Radio observations are therefore crucial to make the connection between the
dynamical plasma structures in the corona and in situ measurements of solar
energetic particles.
Given the wealth of new observations, and the significant progress in the
understanding of magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas from numeri-
cal studies and from measurements in the Earth’s magnetosphere, it appeared
timely, at the beginning of the RHESSI mission (Ramaty High Energy Spec-
troscopic Imager), to critically assess the state of the art, including input from
neighbouring fields of solar physics, especially the Earth’s magnetosphere. This
book is divided into three parts: energy conversion with emphasis on magnetic
reconnection,particleacceleration,andadiscussionofcurrentresearchandnew
diagnostic tools. Extended introductions to these subjects are given in [1, 2, 3].
K.-L.Klein(Ed.):LNP612,pp.1–6,2003.
(cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2003