Table Of ContentPergamo n Titles of Relate d Interes t
BANHIDI
Radian t Heatin g Systems : Desig n an d Application s
BOWE N & YANNAS
Passiv e an d Low Energ y Ecotechnique s
CARTE R & DE VILLIERS
Principle s of Passiv e Sola r Heatin g System s
GRANQVIS T
Material s Scienc e fo r Sola r Energ y Conversio n System s
HARRISO N
Geotherma l Heatin g
HORIGOME
Clea n an d Saf e Energ y Foreve r
mcveig h
Su n Power , 2n d Editio n
SAITO
Hea t Pump s
SAYIGH
Energ y an d th e Environment : int o th e 1990s , 5-vo l se t
s a y i g h & mcveig h
Sola r Air Conditionin g an d Refrigeratio n
STECC O & MORAN
A Futur e Fo r Energ y
TREBL E
Generatin g Electricit y fro m th e Su n
Pergamo n Relate d Journals *
Energ y
Energ y Conservatio n an d Managemen t
Geothermic s
Hea t Recover y System s an d CHP
Internationa l Journa l of Hea t an d Mas s Transfe r
Internationa l Journa l o f Hydroge n Energ y
Progres s in Energ y an d Combustio n Scienc e
Renewabl e Energ y
Sola r Energ y
*Free Specimen Copy G ladly Sent on Request
Pergamo n Titles of Relate d Interes t
BANHIDI
Radian t Heatin g Systems : Desig n an d Application s
BOWEN & YANNAS
Passiv e an d Low Energ y Ecotechnique s
CARTER & DE VILLIERS
Principle s of Passiv e Sola r Heatin g System s
GRANQVIST
Material s Scienc e fo r Sola r Energ y Conversio n System s
HARRISO N
Geotherma l Heatin g
HORIGOME
Clea n an d Saf e Energ y Foreve r
mcveig h
Su n Power , 2n d Editio n
SAITO
Hea t Pump s
SAYIGH
Energ y an d th e Environment : int o th e 1990s , 5-vo l se t
s a y i g h & mcveig h
Sola r Air Conditionin g an d Refrigeratio n
STECC O & MORAN
A Futur e Fo r Energ y
TREBLE
Generatin g Electricit y fro m th e Su n
Pergamo n Relate d Journals *
Energ y
Energ y Conservatio n an d Managemen t
Geothermic s
Hea t Recover y System s an d CHP
Internationa l Journa l of Hea t an d Mas s Transfe r
Internationa l Journa l o f Hydroge n Energ y
Progres s in Energ y an d Combustio n Scienc e
Renewabl e Energ y
Sola r Energ y
*Free Specimen Copy G ladly Sent on Request
E N E R G Y C O N S E R V A T I O N
I N B U I L D I N G S
The Achievemen t of 50 % Energ y Saving :
An Environmenta l Challenge ?
Procedings of NORTHSUN 90, an International Conference,
University of Reading, UK, 18-21 September 1990
Edited by
Á . A . M . S A Y I G H
University of Reading, UK
Organized by
Worl d Renewabl e Energ y Congres s Compan y Limite d
Sponsored by
Institute of Energy
UK Solar Energy Society
Building Research Establishment
Pergamon Pres
World Renewable Energy Congres
PERGAMO N PRES S
M e m b e r o f M a x w e l l M a c m i l l a n P e r g a m o n P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n
OXFORD · N E W YOR K . B EIJIN G . FRANKFURT
SAO PAUL O · S YDNEY . T OKYO . T ORONTO
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Firs t editio n 199 1
L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s C a t a l o g i n g i n P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a
Applie d fo r
B r i t i s h L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u i n g i n P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a
NORTHSU N 9 0 (University of Reading)
Energ y conservatio n in buildings .
1 . Sola r energ y
I. Titl e II. Sayigh , Á. A. M.
621.4 7
ISB N 0-08-037215- 5
Printed in Great Britain by B.P.CC Wheatons Ltd, Exeter.
Organisin g Committe e
Pro f A A Ì Sayig h Universit y o f Readin g
Chairma n
Pro f  Norto n Universit y o f Ulste r
Pro f D J Croom e Universit y o f Readin g
Dr G Saluj a Universit y o f Ulste r
Pro f Í Lipma n Rutherfor d Laborator y
Mr R Perk s BP Sola r
Dr J Twidel l Universit y o f Strathclyd e
Dr L Ducker s Coventr y Polytechni c
Mrs J Ale y Universit y o f Readin g
Mr S Winkwort h UK-ISES
Dr V Ç C Cris p Buildin g Researc h Establishmen t
Internationa l Committe e
Pro f L Broma n Swede n
Pro f R L Datt a Indi a
Pro f Ê 6 Ô Holland s Canad a
Dr L Jesc h UK
Pro f V Korsgaar d Denmar k
Mr Ô Å Loxle y USA
Pro f Ñ D Lun d Finlan d
Mr L Michalick a Czechoslovaki a
Pro f F Peterso n Swede n
Judi t Pinte r Hungar y
Pro f F Salvese n Norwa y
Pro f S de Schille r Argentin a
Pro f Å Shpilrai n USSR
Pro f C Spasso v Bulgari a
Dr Ô Stapinsk i Polan d
Dr V Wittwe r Wes t German y
Internationa l Standin g Committe e
Dr. K. MacGrego r UK
Mr. A. Boyse n Swede n
Mr. T. Esbense n Denmar k
Prof . A.A.M. Sayig h UK
í
Organisin g Committe e
Pro f A A Ì Sayig h Universit y o f Readin g
Chairma n
Pro f  Norto n Universit y o f Ulste r
Pro f D J Croom e Universit y o f Readin g
Dr G Saluj a Universit y o f Ulste r
Pro f Í Lipma n Rutherfor d Laborator y
Mr R Perk s BP Sola r
Dr J Twidel l Universit y o f Strathclyd e
Dr L Ducker s Coventr y Polytechni c
Mrs J Ale y Universit y o f Readin g
Mr S Winkwort h UK-ISES
Dr V Ç C Cris p Buildin g Researc h Establishmen t
Internationa l Committe e
Pro f L Broma n Swede n
Pro f R L Datt a Indi a
Pro f Ê 6 Ô Holland s Canad a
Dr L Jesc h UK
Pro f V Korsgaar d Denmar k
Mr Ô Å Loxle y USA
Pro f Ñ D Lun d Finlan d
Mr L Michalick a Czechoslovaki a
Pro f F Peterso n Swede n
Judi t Pinte r Hungar y
Pro f F Salvese n Norwa y
Pro f S de Schille r Argentin a
Pro f Å Shpilrai n USSR
Pro f C Spasso v Bulgari a
Dr Ô Stapinsk i Polan d
Dr V Wittwe r Wes t German y
Internationa l Standin g Committe e
Dr. K. MacGrego r UK
Mr. A. Boyse n Swede n
Mr. T. Esbense n Denmar k
Prof . A.A.M. Sayig h UK
í
Organisin g Committe e
Pro f A A Ì Sayig h Universit y o f Readin g
Chairma n
Pro f  Norto n Universit y o f Ulste r
Pro f D J Croom e Universit y o f Readin g
Dr G Saluj a Universit y o f Ulste r
Pro f Í Lipma n Rutherfor d Laborator y
Mr R Perk s BP Sola r
Dr J Twidel l Universit y o f Strathclyd e
Dr L Ducker s Coventr y Polytechni c
Mrs J Ale y Universit y o f Readin g
Mr S Winkwort h UK-ISES
Dr V Ç C Cris p Buildin g Researc h Establishmen t
Internationa l Committe e
Pro f L Broma n Swede n
Pro f R L Datt a Indi a
Pro f Ê 6 Ô Holland s Canad a
Dr L Jesc h UK
Pro f V Korsgaar d Denmar k
Mr Ô Å Loxle y USA
Pro f Ñ D Lun d Finlan d
Mr L Michalick a Czechoslovaki a
Pro f F Peterso n Swede n
Judi t Pinte r Hungar y
Pro f F Salvese n Norwa y
Pro f S de Schille r Argentin a
Pro f Å Shpilrai n USSR
Pro f C Spasso v Bulgari a
Dr Ô Stapinsk i Polan d
Dr V Wittwe r Wes t German y
Internationa l Standin g Committe e
Dr. K. MacGrego r UK
Mr. A. Boyse n Swede n
Mr. T. Esbense n Denmar k
Prof . A.A.M. Sayig h UK
í
Prefac e
NORTHSUN 90 i sa b i a n n u a l c o n f e r e n c e o f t h o s e c o u n t r i e s s i t u a t e d a t
l a t i t u d e s g r e a t e r t h a n 4 5d e g r e e s n o r t h an d s o u t h o f t h e E q u a t o r . I t
f i r s t s t a r t e d i n S c o t l a n d i n 1 9 8 4 w i t h a smal l n u m b e r o f p a r t i c i p a n t s , an d
ha s g r o w n int o a s u c c e s s f u l a s s e m b l y i n 1 9 8 8 i n S w e d e n , f o l l o w i n g t h e
s e c o n d m e e t i n g i n 198 6 i n D e n m a r k .
T h e m a i n a i m o f t h i s c o n f e r e n c e i st op r o v i d e a u n i q u e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e
p a r t i c i p a n t s f r o m d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s o f h i g h l a t i t u d e s t oe x c h a n g e t h e i r
i d e a s , t o s h a r e t h e i r r e s u l t s an d t op r o m o t e t o g e t h e r th e b e s t u s eo f
s o l a r e n e r g y .
T h e e m p h a s i s i s t o w a r d s b u i l d i n g an d e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n a s w e l l a s d e s i g n
o r i e n t a t i o n an d c o m f o r t . A l s o d i s c u s s e d a r e t h e r e a l i s a t i o n an d
u t i l i s a t i o n o f s o l a r h e a t i n g d e v i c e s w i t h spec i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r t h e
c o o l i n g n e e d s i n ho t c l i m a t e s .
T h i s y e a r , t h e U Km e e t i n g h a s a t t r a c t e d 1 5 0 a b s t r a c t s f r o m 6 0 c o u n t r i e s .
O v e r 1 3 0 p e o p l e a t t e n d e d t h e m e e t i n g , an d 7 9p a p e r s w e r e s e l e c t e d ,
r e p r e s e n t i n g 4 4c o u n t r i e s ; n a m e l y , A u s t r a l i a , B u l g a r i a , B e l g i u m , B o t s w a n a ,
C h i n a , C o l o m b i a , C y p r u s , C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , D e n m a r k , E g y p t , F i n l a n d , F r a n c e ,
G e r m a n y , G h a n a , G r e e c e , H u n g a r y , I n d i a , I ran , Iraq , I s r a e l , I t a l y , J a p a n ,
J o r d a n , K u w a i t , L i b y a , M o r o c c o , N e t h e r l a n d s , N e w Z e a l a n d , N o r w a y , P o l a n d ,
R o m a n i a , S o m a l i a , S p a i n , S u d a n , S w e d e n , T a n z a n i a , T u r k e y , UK , U S A , U S S R ,
V e n e z u e l a , Y e m e n , Y u g o s l a v i a an d Z i m b a b w e .
I t i s w e l l p r o v e n t h a t i nn o r t h e r n l a t i t u d e s , e n e r g y s a v i n g s i n b u i l d i n g s
o f u pt o 5 0 % ca n b e a c h i e v e d i f e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n m e t h o d s suc h a s
n a t u r a l l i g h t i n g , v e n t i l a t i o n , g r e e n h o u s e h e a t i n g an d o r i e n t a t i o n i n
b u i l d i n g s a r e u s e d . T h e y a r e t h e m a i n e l e m e n t s o f p a s s i v e h e a t i n g i n t h e
n o r t h e r n l e v e l s . H o w e v e r , w e l l s t a t e d a l s o i nm a n y p a p e r s i s t h a t p a s s i v e
s o l a r c o o l i n g c o u l d lea d t oa r e d u c t i o n i ne n e r g y i f e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n
i s u s e d i n ho t c l i m a t e s .
T h e p r o c e e d i n g s i s d i v i d e d int o t w o p a r t s . P a r t O n e i n c l u d e s 2 5 p a p e r s ,
d e a l i n g w i t h e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n an d m a n a g e m e n t i n b u i l d i n g s a s w e l l a s
s o l a r an d lo w e n e r g y a r c h i t e c t u r e . P a r t T w o , w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f 5 4 p a p e r s ,
c o v e r s al l a s p e c t s o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y ; m a t e r i a l s c i e n c e an d p h o t o v o l t a i c
c o n v e r s i o n , w e a t h e r d a t a , h e a t i n g an d c o o l i n g o f b u i l d i n g s , ho t w a t e r
s y s t e m s , w a v e e n e r g y , g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y , e n e r g y s t o r a g e , c o u n t r y
p r o g r a m m e s an d o t h e r r e l a t e d t o p i c s .
NORTHSUN 90 ' s m a i n m e s s a g e i st oe n c o u r a g e c o u n t r i e s i nt h e h i g h
l a t i t u d e s t o i m p l e m e n t al l a s p e c t s o f e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n i nb u i l d i n g s , t o
p r o m o t e t h e u s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y i n h e a t i n g , an d t o w o r k c o l l e c t i v e l y o n
s o l a r p r o j e c t s o f d i r e c t b e n e f i t t ot h e r e g i o n .
I s h o u l d l ik e t ot h a n k al l t h e s p o n s o r i n g a g e n t s f o r t h e i r g e n e r o u s h e l p ,
al l m yf e l l o w c o l l e a g u e s o f v a r i o u s c o m m i t t e e s , an d al l t h e c o n t r i b u t o r s
an d p a r t i c i p a n t s w h o m a d e NORTHSUN 90 a n o t h e r s u c c e s s f u l c o n f e r e n c e .
P r o f . A . A . M . S a y i g h
C o n f e r e n c e C h a i r m a n
vii
A TOTAL ENERGY DESIGN FOR 92 HOUSES
WITH COMBINED USE OF SOLAR HEATING AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
P. VEJSIG PEDERSEN
Thermal Insulation Laboratory, Technical University of
Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
O. M 0 R C K
Cenergia Aps., Stationsvej 3, DK-2760 M&10V, Denmark
ABSTRACT
A 80% saving compared to normal gas consumption for heating and DHW is expected in the
community, Tubberupvaenge with 92 houses near Copenhagen in Denmark. This is the most
ambitious energy saving building project in Denmark until now. Savings of the heating demand
is first achieved by common energy saving techniques like extra insulation, improved windows,
heat recovery of ventilation air, and attached sunspaces, which as something new has integrated
pebble bed storage in the floor. Besides, each of eight building blocks utilizes 45 m 2 of roof
integrated solar collectors as part of local solar heating system design, primarily for DHW. And
for the first time in Denmark a solar heated seasonal storage is used, here with 1050 m 2 of high
temperature solar collectors, and a 3000 m 3 water filled seasonal storage insulated and buried in
the ground.
KEYWORDS
Total energy design, solar heating, energy conservation, solar collectors, seasonal storage.
THE TOTAL ENERGY PROJECT IN HERLEV, DENMARK
The total energy design concept combines the use of general energy savings and solar heating or
cooling technology for new building projects. In a new building project, Tubberupvaenge, with 92
low density houses near Copenhagen in Denmark approx. 80% of the total yearly energy de-
mand for heating will be saved in this way.
50% is saved by use of different low energy design features, and local solar heating systems.
This includes improved insulation, heat recovery of ventilation air, improved window construc-
tions, passive solar heating with attached sunspaces and pebble bed storage in the floor, low
temperature heating (55/ 40° C), 150 litre local DHW tanks with improved heat exchanger in
each house, and approx. 4 m 2 of roof integrated solar collector for DHW and extra heating of
ventilation air. Electrical backup energy in the summer in each housing block is making 4-5
month's stop of the district heating network possible.
1
2
60% of the remaining heat demand for the 92 houses is covered by a central solar heating plant
with seasonal storage (CSHPSS). Here is used a 3000 m3 seasonal storage in the ground, which
is heated by 1050 m2 of high temperature solar collectors and, backed up by a nighttime opera-
ted electrical heat pump and a combined gas engine/gas boiler heating system. Photoes from
the CSHPSS of the Tubberupvaenge building project is shown in Fig. 1.
In Fig. 2 is shown photoes of the building project and the seasonal storage. A diagram of the
complete central solar heating plant with seasonal storage is shown in Fig. 3.
The seasonal storage is heated to 85° C by the end of August, and from September heat is
delivered from the seasonal storage to the district heating network, depending on the available
temperatures. Calculations with the MINSUN program show that it should be possible to cover
all the necessary heating demand until December directly from the seasonal storage. When the
top temperature in the storage is less than 50° C, the operation strategy is changed so heat will
be delivered through a small size nighttime and weekend operated electrical heat pump, (30
kW). This will cool the seasonal storage to a minimum of 10°C in the spring. Supplemental
heat after December is supplied from a small gas engine generator system and a gas furnace
system. An intelligent control system from the firm Danfoss ensures an efficient operation of
the solar heating plant.
The total extra costs to save 80% of the yearly heat demand amounts to approx. 20% of the
total building project investment, and about half of the extra costs are paid by the European
Communities together with the Danish Energy Council. Calculations indicate that if you limit
yourself only to the first step to save 50% of the yearly heat demand, you will only have to
invest approx. 5-7% of the total normal building investment, excluding grants from the State and
the CEC.
It is the KAB building society together with a local building society in Herlev who are respons-
ible for the Total Energy Project in Herlev. Engineers are Dominia A/S, and Cenergia Aps. are
energy consultants and responsible for the Total Energy Design. Main Contractor for the build-
ing project is Hosbyg A/S. Contractor for the seasonal storage is Rasmussen & Schoitz, and
Scancon Solar Heating delivers the central solar collector system.
LOCAL SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS OF TUBBERUPVAENGE II.
A 45 m2 solar collector is integrated in the roof of each of eight housing blocks with 11-12
apartments. The housing blocks have varying orientations (south, south east, east and west).
The solar collector is heating a 2500 litre storage tank placed in a cellar of each housing block.
In Fig. 4 is shown a diagram of the local block solar heating systems.
Heat from the storage tank is transferred to local 150 litre DHW tanks with heat exchanger in
each apartment, and to the low temperature heating system. A built-in electrical heating ele-
ment in the storage tank makes it possible to stop operation of the district heating network for
the eight housing blocks during 4-5 summer months, leading to large amounts of saved heat
losses.
Calculations show that during the summer the difference between solar collectors with east/west
orientation compared to south orientation is small (5-10%).
Room heating is as mentioned also covered from the storage tank in the cellar, but only from
