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www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Energy and Technical Building
Systems—Scientific and
Technological Advances
Energy and Technical Building
Systems—Scientific and
Technological Advances
SpecialIssueEditors
JarekKurnitski
AndreaFerrantelli
MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade
SpecialIssueEditors
JarekKurnitski Andrea Ferrantelli
TallinnUniversityofTechnology Tallinn University of Technology
Estonia Estonia
EditorialOffice
MDPI
St.Alban-Anlage66
4052Basel,Switzerland
ThisisareprintofarticlesfromtheSpecialIssuepublishedonlineintheopenaccessjournalEnergies
(ISSN 1996-1073) in 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/specialissues/
energyandbuiltenvironment).
Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas
indicatedbelow:
LastName,A.A.; LastName,B.B.; LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,ArticleNumber,
PageRange.
ISBN978-3-03928-178-7(Pbk)
ISBN978-3-03928-179-4(PDF)
(cid:2)c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon
published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum
dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.
The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
license CC BY-NC-ND.
Contents
AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Prefaceto”EnergyandTechnicalBuildingSystems—ScientificandTechnologicalAdvances” ix
KristinaMjo¨rnell,DennisJohanssonandHansBagge
The Effect of High Occupancy Density on IAQ, Moisture Conditions and Energy Use
inApartments
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,4454,doi:10.3390/en12234454 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AndreaFerrantelli,JevgeniFadejevandJarekKurnitski
EnergyPileFieldSimulationinLargeBuildings:ValidationofSurfaceBoundaryAssumptions
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,770,doi:10.3390/en12050770. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
MehdiTaebnia,SanderToomla,LauriLeppa¨andJarekKurnitski
Air Distribution and Air Handling Unit Configuration Effects on Energy Performance in
anAir-HeatedIceRinkArena
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,693,doi:10.3390/en12040693. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
JanneHirvonen,JuhaJokisalo,JuhaniHeljoandRistoKosonen
Towards the EU Emission Targets of 2050: Cost-Effective Emission Reduction in Finnish
DetachedHouses
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,4395,doi:10.3390/en12224395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
JohnClauß,SebastianStinner,ChristianSolli,KarenByskovLindberg,HenrikMadsenand
LaurentGeorges
Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its
ApplicationtotheDemandResponseofResidentialHeating
Reprintedfrom:Energies,,1345,doi:10.3390/en12071345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
JanVanus,OjanMajidzadehGorjaniandPetrBilik
Novel Proposal for Prediction of CO2 Course and Occupancy Recognition in Intelligent
BuildingswithinIoT
Reprintedfrom:Energies,12,4541,doi:10.3390/en12234541 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
SimpliceIgorNoubissieTientcheu,ShyamaP.ChowdhuryandThomasO.Olwal
IntelligentEnergyManagementStrategyforAutomatedOfficeBuildings
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,4326,doi:10.3390/en12224326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Jo´zsefMenyha´rtandFerencKalma´r
InvestigationofThermalComfortResponseswithFuzzyLogic
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,1792,doi:10.3390/en12091792 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
MingHuandMitchellPavao-Zuckerman
LiteratureReviewofNetZeroandResilienceResearchoftheUrbanEnvironment: ACitation
AnalysisUsingBigData
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,,1539,doi:10.3390/en12081539 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
HanChangandIn-HeeLee
EnvironmentalandEfficiencyAnalysisofSimulatedApplicationoftheSolidOxideFuelCell
Co-GenerationSysteminaDormitoryBuilding
Reprintedfrom:Energies2019,12,3893,doi:10.3390/en12203893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
v
About the Special Issue Editors
JarekKurnitskiisaprofessoratTallinnUniversityofTechnologyandAaltoUniversity,aswellas
avice-presidentofREHVA,FederationofEuropeanHeatingandAir-ConditioningAssociations,a
non-profitorganizationrepresentingmorethan120,000HVACengineersandenergyexperts. Heis
theleaderoftheEstonianCenterofExcellenceinResearchZEBE,ZeroEnergyandResourceEfficient
SmartBuildings,andtheleaderoftheNearlyZeroEnergyBuildings(NZEB)researchgroup,which
today operates at both universities. He is internationally known for the preparation of technical
definitions for nearly zero energy buildings through many activities in the REHVA Technology
and Research Committee and contributions to European standards. Recently he chaired a task
forcepreparingaEuropeanresidentialventilationguidebook. Hehasbeendeeplyinvolvedinthe
worktoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofthebuiltenvironmentinEstoniaandFinlandwithmajor
contributionstothedevelopmentofdynamicsimulation-basedenergycalculationframesforpresent
energyperformanceregulations.
AndreaFerrantelliisapostdoctoralresearcheratTallinnUniversityofTechnology. Heobtainedhis
MScintheoreticalphysicsatTurinUniversity(Italy)andhisPhDintheoreticalparticlecosmology
attheUniversityofHelsinki(Finland). HeisinterestedinthephysicalmodellingofHVACandin
energyefficientbuildings.
vii
Preface to ”Energy and Technical Building
Systems—Scientific and Technological Advances”
Future buildings require not only energy efficiency but also proper building automation and
control system functionalities in order to respond to the needs of occupants and energy grids. These
development paths require a focus on occupant needs, such as good indoor climate, easy operability,
and monitoring. Another area to be tackled is energy flexibility, which is needed to make buildings
responsive to the price signals of electricity grids with increasing amounts of fluctuating renewable
energy generation installed both in central grids and at building sites. This Special Issue is dedicated
to HVAC systems, load shifting, indoor climate, energy, and ventilation performance analyses
in buildings. All these topics are important for improving the energy performance of new and
renovated buildings within the roadmap of low energy and nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB). To
improve energy performance and, at the same time, occupant comfort and wellbeing, new technical
solutions are required. The research in this Special Issue provides the evidence and experience of
how such new technical solutions have worked in practice in new or renovated buildings, also
showing potential problems and how the solutions should be further developed. Energy performance
and indoor climate improvements are also a challenge for calculation methods. More detailed
approaches are needed in order to be able to correctly design and size dedicated systems, and
to be capable for accurate quantification of energy savings. To avoid common performance gaps
between calculated and measured performance, occupant behavior and building operation must be
adequately addressed. This demonstrates the challenge of the type of highly performing buildings,
comfortable buildings with adequate indoor climate, and easy and cheap operation and maintenance,
expected by end customers. Occupancy patterns and recognition, intelligent building management,
demand response and performance of heating, and cooling and ventilation systems are some common
keywords in the articles of this Special Issue contributing to the future of reliable, high performing
buildings.
JarekKurnitski,AndreaFerrantelli
SpecialIssueEditors
ix
