Energy and environmental issues for the practising architect : a guide to help at the initial design stage

292 Pages·2004·37.08 MB·English

by  Professor Ian Ward

Energy and environmental
issues for the practising
architect:
a guide to help at the initial
design stage
Ian C. Ward
PublishedbyThomasTelfordPublishing,ThomasTelfordLtd,1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD.
www.thomastelford.com
DistributorsforThomasTelfordbooksare
USA:ASCEPress,1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA20191-4400,USA
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Firstpublished2004
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:0727732161
#ThomasTelfordLimited2004
Allrights,includingtranslation,reserved.ExceptaspermittedbytheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor
transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,
withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublishingDirector,ThomasTelfordPublishing,
ThomasTelfordLtd,1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD.
Thisbookispublishedontheunderstandingthattheauthorissolelyresponsibleforthestatements
madeandopinionsexpressedinitandthatitspublicationdoesnotnecessarilyimplythatsuch
statementsand/oropinionsareorreflecttheviewsoropinionsofthepublishers.Whileeveryefforthas
beenmadetoensurethatthestatementsmadeandtheopinionsexpressedinthispublicationprovide
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TypesetbyAcademic+Technical,Bristol
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyMPGBooks,Bodmin
Contents
Introduction 1
Background 1
Section1–Theneedtoconserveenergy 1
Section2–Basicinformationaboutenergyuseinbuildings 1
Section3–Aidsatdesignstagetohelpproduceanenergy
efficientbuilding 2
Section4–Howtodealwithenvironmentalfactorsatthe
designstage 2
Section5–Somecasestudiesofmainstreambuildings
whichareenergyorenvironmentallyefficient 3
Bibliography 3
Section 1 The need to conserve energy 5
Introduction 7
Howdowestart? 11
Occupantcomfort 11
Buildingdesign 15
Mechanicalservicesdesign 17
Environmentalissues 19
Settingthebrief 22
Summary 22
Section 2 Basic information about energy use
in buildings 23
Design issues for the development of an energy
efficientbuilding 25
(A) Comfortissues 25
iii
Contents
(B) Fabricissues 26
(C) Servicesissues 26
Introduction 26
(A) Comfortissues 29
Thermalcomfort 29
Factorsaffectingourperceptionofthermalcomfort 31
Designingforthermalcomfortandairquality 35
Visualcomfort 40
Acousticcomfort 43
Airquality 52
(B) Fabricissues 54
Buildingshape/orientationandothersiteconditions 54
Windowdesignfordaylightandthermalperformance 58
Heatlosses 70
CalculationofUvalues 75
Internalheatgains 86
Structuralthermalmass 88
Overheating 101
(C) Servicesissues 105
Naturalventilation 107
Mixedmodeventilation 111
Mechanicalventilationincludingheatrecovery 112
Heatrecoverysystems 114
Airconditioningsystems 118
Artificiallighting 122
Domesticlighting 130
Industrialbuildings 132
Schools 132
Offices 135
Sportscentres 136
Museums,galleriesandlibraries 137
Theatres 138
Hospitals 139
Retailsector 140
Placesofworship 141
Lightingcontrols 142
Refurbishment 142
iv
Contents
Section 3 Aids at design stage to help
produce an energy efficient
building 145
Energy 147
Flexibilityofthebrief 147
Siteanalysis 148
Designpointer–solaraccess 149
Designpointer–windshelter 150
Designpointer–windeffects 151
Designpointers–daylight 152
Designpointers–emissions 154
Fabricdesign 154
Designpointers–buildingshape 154
Designpointers–glazingratio 155
Designpointers–overheating 160
Estimatingtheamountofthermalmasstoincludein
thebuilding 161
Wherecanthermalmassbeused? 168
Designpointer 172
Provisionofappropriateservicespacewithinthebuilding 173
Designpointers–sizeandlocationofplantrooms 176
Designpointers–positionofairinlets/outletsand
condensingunits 179
Designpointers–distributionspace 180
Designpointers 186
Designpointers–distributionsystems 187
Designpointers–distributionsystems 190
Section 4 How to deal with environmental
factors at the design stage 191
Environmental sustainability 193
Thesite 196
Waterissues 198
Energyissues 200
Materials 202
Indoorenvironment 205
v
Contents
Operationofthebuildingandreuseofbothmaterialsand
productsofoccupancy 206
Socialandeconomicissues 208
Assessingenvironmentalsustainability.Aselfassessment
spiderdiagramapproachtosustainabledesign 209
Designpointers–sustainabilityatinitialdesignstage 215
Designpointers–sustainabilitywhenshapeandservices
areconsidered 217
TheBREEAMassessment 217
Designpointer–sustainabilitywhendesignisfinalised 218
Summary 219
Spiderdiagramsforuseduringthedesignprocess 219
Section 5 Some case studies of mainstream
buildings which are energy or
environmentally efficient 223
Case studies 225
Summary 232
Buildingtype:Highereducation,DearneValleyCollege,
Barnsley,UK 234
Designdrivers 236
Buildingtype:Commercialoffices,ECOCentre,Jarrow,UK 237
Designdrivers 242
Buildingtype:Commercialoffices,BT,Coventry,UK 243
Designdrivers 248
Buildingtype:Privatehouse,Wirksworth,Derbyshire,UK 249
Designdrivers 251
Buildingtype:Conceptindustrialanddistributioncentre,
MiltonKeynes,UK 252
Designdrivers 254
Buildingtype:NotleyGreenPrimarySchool,Essex,UK 255
Designdrivers 257
Buildingtype:Offices,Chur,Switzerland 258
Designdrivers 261
Buildingtype:Lowenergyandenvironmentallyfriendly
housinginSta¨fa,Switzerland 262
Designdrivers 264
Buildingtype:HousingbalanceprojectinUster,Switzerland 265
vi
Contents
Designdrivers 267
Buildingtype:KindergarteninStuttgart,Germany 268
Designdrivers 270
Buildingtype:LeonardodaVinciSecondarySchool,
Calais,France 271
Designdrivers 274
Bibliography 275
Drivingforcesforreducingcarbonemissions 275
Environment 275
Usefulsourcesofhelponenergyandenvironment 276
Websites 277
BuildingRegulationsforEnglandandWales 277
BuildingRegulationsforScotland 278
BuildingRegulationsforNorthernIreland 278
BuildingRegulationsforIreland 278
Lightinganddaylighting:Selecteddesignguidesfromthe
BuildingResearchEstablishment 278
Legend 278
Lighting 278
Buildings 279
General 279
Acoustics 281
Index 283
vii
Introduction
Background
Thisbookisintendedtohelptheeverydaydesignerunderstandthe
issuesinvolvedinproducingenergyefficientandsustainablebuilding
design.Itisintendedtobeusedoneverydaydesignswherethereare
likelytoberestrictionseitherrelatedtothedesignparameters
themselvesoronthefinancialcommitmentoftheclient.
Section 1 — The need to conserve energy
Thissectiondealswithwhyitisimportanttoconsiderenergyand
sustainabilityindesignwork.Itstartswithanoutlineoftheworkofthe
InternationalPanelonClimateChangehighlightingthefactthatthe
energyconsumedbybuildingsiscontributingtoglobalwarming.
Itconcludeswithanoutlineofthemanyissueswhichareimportant
whenconsideringsustainablebuildingdesign.
Section 2 — Basic information about energy use
in buildings
Beforeenergyandsustainabilityissuescanbeappliedtoabuilding
designitisnecessarytohaveabroadunderstandingofthevarious
issuesatplayandalittleaboutthetechnicalitiesinvolved.This
sectiondealswiththefollowing:
1. PointsintheRIBAplanofworkwhenenergyissuesare
important
2. Occupantcomfort
^ Metabolicrateofhumans
^ Factorsaffectingheatgains/lossesfromthehumanbody
1
Introduction
^ Airtemperatureeffects
^ Humidityeffects
^ Airmovementaroundthehuman
^ Airquality
^ Lighting
^ Glare
^ Environmentalnoise
^ Internalheatgains
3. Buildingdesignissues
^ Planform
^ Windowdesign
^ Thermalinsulation
^ Uvalues
^ Thermalmass
^ Mechanicalservices
^ Ventilationsystems
^ Heatrecoverysystems
^ Lightingsystems.
Section 3 — Aids at design stage to help produce
an energy efficient building
Thissectioncoversthesimplemethodswhichcanbeusedtohelpto
produceanefficientbuildingdesignforenergyefficiencyandspace
forthemechanicalservices.Areascoveredare:
^ Siteanalysis
^ Buildingform
^ Thermalinsulation
^ Estimationofthermalmass
^ Plantroomspace
^ Distributionspace.
Section 4 — How to deal with environmental
factors at the design stage
Anoutlineofthevariouselementswhichmustbeconsideredatthe
designstageisgiveninasimplifiedwayalongwithamethodof
demonstratingtheeffectivenessofadesigninsustainabilityterms.
2
Introduction
Section 5 — Some case studies of mainstream
buildings which are energy or environmentally
efficient
Severalcasestudiesarepresentedinsuchawayastoillustratehow
energyandsustainabilitycanbeincorporatedintonormal
commerciallyaccepteddesign.Theexamplesaretakenfrom
buildingsintheUK,Germany,FranceandSwitzerland.Thecase
studiesare:
^ DearneValleyCollege,Barnsley,UK
^ CommercialOfficesECOCentre,Jarrow,UK
^ CommercialOfficesforBT,Coventry,UK
^ PrivateHouse,Wirksworth,Derbyshire,UK
^ Conceptindustrialanddistributioncentre,MiltonKeynes,UK
^ NotleyGreenPrimarySchool,Essex,UK
^ Offices,Chur,Switzerland
^ HousinginSta¨fa,Switzerland
^ HousingbalanceprojectinUster,Switzerland
^ KindergarteninStuttgart,Germany
^ LeonardodaVinciSecondarySchool,Calais,France.
Bibliography
Selectedreferencesandsources.
3