Energetic nanomaterials : synthesis, characterization, and application

380 Pages·2016·35.714 MB·English

by  Vladimir E Zarko, Alexander A. Gromov

ENERGETIC
NANOMATERIALS
Synthesis, Characterization,
and Application
Edited by
VLADIMIR E. ZARKO
Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion,
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, Russia
Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
ALEXANDER A. GROMOV
Technical University Georg-Simon-Ohm, N€urnberg,
Germany
FraunhoferInstituteofChemicalTechnology,Pfinztal,Germany
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy
of Science, Moscow, Russia
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DEDICATION
To the Russian scientists Yu. Kondratyuk and F. Tsander, who in the 1920s suggested
using the metals as energetic material in propulsion systems.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ting An
ScienceandTechnologyonCombustionandExplosionLaboratory,Xi’anModernChemistry
Research Institute, Xi’an, China
Vladimir A. Arkhipov
Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Giovanni Colombo
Space Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Milano, Milan, Italy
Luigi T. DeLuca
Space Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Milano, Milan, Italy
Stefano Dossi
Space Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Milano, Milan, Italy
G.C. Egan
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
Igor V. Fomenkov
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
Luciano Galfetti
Space Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Milano, Milan, Italy
Alon Gany
Technion e Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Oleg G. Glotov
Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Alexander A. Gromov
Technical University Georg-Simon-Ohm, Nu€rnberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of
Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Germany; Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia;
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
L.J. Groven
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
I.E. Gunduz
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
j
xi
xii ListofContributors
Xiao-de Guo
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Ga-zi Hao
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Wei-liang Hong
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
Yan Hu
Micro-Nano Energetic Device Join Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
A. Il’in
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
S. Isert
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wei Jiang
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Keerti Kappagantula
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
Alexander G. Korotkikh
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia; Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Feng-sheng Li
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Jie Liu
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Filippo Maggi
Space Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Milano, Milan, Italy
Gianluigi Marra
Centro Ricerche ENI per le Energie Rinnovabili e l’Ambiente e Istituto ENI Donegani,
Novara, Italy
Konstantin A. Monogarov
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
Alexander S. Mukasyan
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Nikita V. Muravyev
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
ListofContributors xiii
Michelle Pantoya
Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
Christian Paravan
Space Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Milano, Milan, Italy
Alla N. Pivkina
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
Zhao Qin
Micro-Nano Energetic Device Join Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Alexander S. Rogachev
Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, RAS, Chernogolovka, Russia;
National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia
Valery Rosenband
Technion e Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
J. Schoonman
Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE), Delft University of Technology, Delft,
The Netherlands
Ruiqi Shen
Micro-Nano Energetic Device Join Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
T.R. Sippel
Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
S.F. Son
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Ulrich Teipel
Technical University Georg-Simon-Ohm, Nu€rnberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of
Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Germany
B.C. Terry
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Yu-jiao Wang
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of
Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Lizhi Wu
Micro-Nano Energetic Device Join Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Yan-jing Yang
ScienceandTechnologyonCombustionandExplosionLaboratory,Xi’anModernChemistry
Research Institute, Xi’an, China
xiv ListofContributors
Yinghua Ye
Micro-Nano Energetic Device Join Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Jian-hua Yi
ScienceandTechnologyonCombustionandExplosionLaboratory,Xi’anModernChemistry
Research Institute, Xi’an, China
M.R. Zachariah
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
Vladimir E. Zarko
Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Feng-qi Zhao
ScienceandTechnologyonCombustionandExplosionLaboratory,Xi’anModernChemistry
Research Institute, Xi’an, China
Peng Zhu
Micro-Nano Energetic Device Join Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
PREFACE
Thisbookpresentsreviewsoftheresultsofstudyingthetransformationsinnanoenergetic
materials.Thetermnanoenergeticmaterialsisusedheretocharacterizetheenergeticmate-
rialsorenergeticsystems,containingorconsistingofnanocomponents.Thisisarelatively
young but very promising field of research, and expected results could lead to break-
throughs in the development of advanced explosives, propellants, and microenergetic
devices. Common advantages of nanoenergetic materials are their great reactivity and
ability of very fast chemical transformations.
From the beginning, the most developed nanoenergetic materials were based on
nanometals.Thosematerialsareproducednowbydifferentmethodsinseveralcountries
and their production reached a relative maturity. Another direction of research is based
onstudyingthenano-oxides,whichhavefoundwideapplicationascatalystsinsolidpro-
pellants as well as in pyrotechnic compositions. Those compositions may demonstrate
extremely high combustion propagation rates comprising few km/s. Energetic nano-
composites can find also wide application in mini rocket motors and in different types
of microchips.
Evidently,efficientrealizationofuniquepropertiesofenergeticnanomaterialscanbe
performed only based on studying the intrinsic mechanisms of the reactions in solids at
theatomisticlevel.Toacquiresuchknowledge,oneneedstoexplorethosemechanisms
with use of advanced techniques and sophisticated approaches. Intense work in this
direction is underway in many countries.
This book summarizes the recent achievements (since w2005) of the leading scien-
tific groups working in the field of energetic nanomaterials in China, Germany, Israel,
Italy, Russia, and the United States.
Chapter1presentsacomprehensivereviewofthemodernachievementsinnanoma-
terialssynthesisandapplication,emphasizingthattheresearchinnanochemistryopeneda
bottom-up approach in the architecture of matter on a different spatial scale. This
approach may provide effective tools for understanding the mechanisms governing the
nanoenergeticmaterialsproperties,whichwouldallowcreatingnewenergeticsubstances
with well-tailored chemical and physical properties.
Chapter2focusesondevelopingabetterunderstandingoffundamentalreactiondy-
namics associated with particulate media. New strategies for designing aluminum fuel
particleswithgreaterreactivityandfasterreactingformulationsarepresented.Inaddition
tosynthesis,severalcombustioncharacterizationtechniquesareexaminedtoquantifythe
combustion performance.
A survey of nanometals (mostly produced by electrical explosion of wires) usage in
different energetic systems with the focus on nanometals combustion efficiency is
j
xv
xvi Preface
presented in Chapter 3. The chemically reacting systems containing nanoaluminum
exhibitimprovedkineticcharacteristicsinignitionandburningratebehaviorforpropel-
lants, explosives, and thermites.
InChapter4,theauthorsprovideanoverviewofthethreemaincomponentsofthe
combustion of aluminum nanoparticle-based energetic materials: heat transfer mecha-
nism,effectoftheoxideshell,andreactionpathway.Theynotemanyexperimentalchal-
lenges that limit the understanding of the reaction mechanisms and give some
recommendations for the future research activities.
Nanocatalysts, including metal nanoparticles (Ni, Cu, Al), metallic oxide nanopar-
ticles (Fe O , CuO, Co O ), and nanoparticles of hydrides (LiH, MgH , Mg NiH ,
2 3 2 3 2 2 4
Mg CuH ),arediscussedinChapter5.Thecatalyticimpactofnanocatalystsonthether-
2 3
maldecompositionofAPandAP/HTPBaswellonthecombustionperformanceofAP/
HTPB propellant is examined in detail.
The characteristics of coating aluminum particles by nanometric layers of nickel or
iron are considered in Chapter 6. Coated particles ignite at a much lower temperature
and exhibit shorter ignition times than uncoated ones due to exothermic intermetallic
reactionbetweenthealuminumandthecoatingmetalandduetoformationofamolten
eutecticlayer.Coatedaluminumparticlesproducesmallersizeagglomeratesthanregular
aluminum in combustion of metallized solid propellants.
InChapter7,researchprogressisreportedonthesynthesis,characterization,anden-
ergetic chip performance of multidimensional nanostructured energetic materials,
including carbon nanotubes/KNO , CuO nanowires/Al, Ni nanorods/Al, Co O
3 3 4
nanowires/Al, Al/Ti multilayer film, Al/Ni multilayer film, CuO/Al multilayer film,
porous copper/NH ClO , and porous copper/NaClO , 3D Fe O .
4 4 4 2 3
The characteristics of gasless metalenonmetal and metalemetal nanostructured
composite particles, prepared by high-energy ball milling, as well as of thermite-like
metalemetal oxide mixtures of nanopowders are discussed in Chapter 8. Those reac-
tive systems demonstrate extremely low ignition temperatures and very high reaction
frontpropagation velocitiesthatcanbeas highas103m/s.Efforts are made toexplain
the observed phenomena.
The catalytic effect of nano-oxides of Ti, Al, Fe, and Si on HMX thermolysis and
combustion is discussed in Chapter 9. The point defects in the catalyst material are
considered in the interfacial catalysis mechanism and it is shown that the presence of
acidicorbasicsurfacegroupsinfluencesthespacechargesandthusthecatalyticefficiency
of listed nano-oxides.
Chapter10reportsthedataonthepropertiesofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)supported
metal(Pb,Ag,Pd,Ni)ormetaloxide(PbO,CuO,Bi O ,NiO)catalystsandtheireffect
2 3
onthermaldecompositionandburningrateofsingle,double-base,andcompositemodi-
fieddouble-basepropellants.ThesynergisticimpactofCNTsandmetaloxidenanopar-
ticlesonthedecompositionandcombustionbehaviorofenergeticmaterialsisresponsible
for significantly enhanced combustion performance of those materials that makes them
promising candidates for application in solid propellants.
Preface xvii
The characteristics of oxide nanoparticles formed in combustion of aluminum and
titanium microparticles are discussed in Chapter 11. Despite the distinctions in the
mechanism of aluminum and titanium combustion, their oxide nanoparticles are of
almost the same dimensions and display similar morphological and charge properties.
The charging of metal nanoparticles due to thermoelectron emission plays a key role
inoxidenanoparticlesformation.Theevolutionofoxideaerosolparticlesisdescribed,
andsomeunresolvedproblemsinstudyingthemechanismofnanoparticlesgrowthare
formulated.
Chapter 12 summarizes the recent efforts to incorporate the benefits of nanoscale
materials to propellants without the drawbacks due to sintering the nanoparticles and
increasing the viscosity of propellant slurry. One of the effective approaches is encapsu-
lation of nanoscale materials into crystalline particles that for nanoscale catalysts show
improved performance over direct physical mixing. Another approach is encapsulating
the inclusion materials into metals, like aluminum, that may facilitate the ignition of
metalparticlesandformationofsmallersizecombustionproductssincetheparticlesfrag-
ment when heated.
Chapter 13 describes the advanced techniques and approaches for precharacteriza-
tionofnanoparticlesofAlusedincondensedenergeticsystems.Differentpropertiesof
various powders (passivated by air or organic compounds and coated by hydrocarbons
and fluorohydrocarbons) are investigated. The presented results provide some insight
into the relationships between nanosized additives’ morphology/structure, oxidative
reactivity, and propellant/fuel rheological behavior.
Each chapter was carefully edited according to the procedures employedby archival
publications. Thus, the book can be considered as supplemental reading for students,
researchers, and engineers in research centers and in industries dealing with energetic
materials production, characterization, and applications.
Classification of the material presented in various chapters appears in the table.
Vladimir E. Zarko
Alexander A. Gromov
July 31, 2015
Chapter
Materialorprocess 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Nanoaluminum þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ
Nanoaluminized propellants þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ
Nanocomposites þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ
Nanoexplosives þ þ þ
Nanothermites þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ
Performance characterization þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ
Synthesis of nanomaterials þ þ þ þ þ þ þ þ