Table Of ContentEndoscopy in Liver Disease
Endoscopy in Liver Disease
Edited by
John N. Plevris
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Peter C. Hayes
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Patrick S. Kamath
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Louis M. Wong Kee Song
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota, USA
This edition first published 2018
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Plevris, John N., editor. | Hayes, Peter C., editor. | Kamath, Patrick S., editor. |
Wong Kee Song, Louis M., editor.
Title: Endoscopy in liver disease / edited by John N. Plevris, Peter C. Hayes, Patrick Kamath,
Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017026560 (print) | LCCN 2017027059 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118660850 (pdf) |
ISBN 9781118660843 (epub) | ISBN 9781118660874 (cloth)
Subjects: | MESH: Liver Diseases–diagnostic imaging | Endoscopy, Digestive System–methods
Classification: LCC RC847.5.I42 (ebook) | LCC RC847.5.I42 (print) | NLM WI 700 |
DDC 616.3/6207545–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026560
Cover image: Courtesy of Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors vii
Preface xi
About the Companion Website xii
1 Equipment, Patient Safety, and Training 1
John N. Plevris and Scott Inglis
2 Sedation and Analgesia in Endoscopy of the Patient with Liver Disease 19
Rohit Sinha, Anastasios Koulaouzidis, and John N. Plevris
3 Endoscopy in the Setting of Coagulation Abnormalities in the Patient
with Liver Disease 29
Bezawit Tekola and Stephen Caldwell
4 Varices: Screening, Staging, and Primary Prophylaxis 43
Alan Bonder, Ignacio Alfaro, and Andres Cardenas
5 Endoscopic Management of Acute Variceal Bleeding 55
Marcus C. Robertson and Peter C. Hayes
6 Prevention of Recurrent Bleeding from Esophageal Varices 97
Annalisa Berzigotti, Fanny Turon, and Jaime Bosch
7 Refractory Variceal Bleeding: When First Endoscopy Fails, What Next? 111
Virginia Hernández‐Gea, Fanny Turon, and Juan Carlos García‐Pagán
8 Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Vascular Ectasia 119
Cristina Ripoll and Louis M. Wong Kee Song
9 Portal Hypertensive Enteropathy and Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding 143
Anastasios Koulaouzidis, Emanuele Rondonotti, and Roberto de Franchis
10 Endoscopic Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Pathology in the Patient
with Liver Disease 155
Selina Lamont and Adrian Stanley
vi Contents
11 Colonoscopic Screening and Surveillance in the Patient with Liver Disease
(Including Post‐Transplant) 173
William M. Tierney and Khadija Chaudrey
12 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Cholangioscopy
in Hepatobiliary Disease 195
Klaus Mönkemüller, Giovani E. Schwingel, Alvaro Martinez‐Alcala, and Ivan Jovanovic
13 Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Hepatobiliary Malignancy 229
Michael J. Levy , Larissa Fujii‐Lau, Julie K. Heimbach, and Gregory J. Gores
14 Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Biliary Drainage 245
Mouen A. Khashab, Shyam Varadarajulu, and Robert H. Hawes
15 Hepatobiliary Endoscopy in the Patient with Liver Disease
and Altered Anatomy 259
Stuart K. Amateau and Raj J. Shah
16 Management of Post‐Liver Transplant Hepatobiliary Complications 279
Ryan Law, Larissa Fujii‐Lau, and Todd H. Baron
17 Endoscopic Confocal and Molecular Imaging in Hepatobiliary Disease 295
Michael S. Hoetker and Martin Goetz
18 Laparoscopy in Patients with Hepatobiliary Disease 305
Tom K. Gallagher, Ewen M. Harrison, and O. James Garden
Index 323
vii
List of Contributors
Ignacio Alfaro, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Specialist Member Harvard Medical School
Institute of Digestive Diseases and Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Metabolism
Hospital Clinic Jaime Bosch, MD, PhD, FRCP
Barcelona, Spain Professor of Medicine and Senior
Consultant Hepatologist
Stuart K. Amateau, MD, PhD Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory and
Assistant Professor of Medicine Liver Unit
Director of Endoscopy Hospital Clinic
Division of Gastroenterology and University of Barcelona
Hepatology Barcelona, Spain;
University of Minnesota Guest Professor of Hepatology
Medical Center Inselspital, University of Bern
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Bern, Switzerland
Todd H. Baron, MD, FASGE Stephen Caldwell, MD, FAASLD
Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine
Director of Advanced Therapeutic GI/Hepatology
Endoscopy Digestive Health Center
Division of Gastroenterology and University of Virginia
Hepatology Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Andres Cardenas, MD, MMSc, PhD,
AGAF, FAASLD
Annalisa Berzigotti, MD, PhD Faculty Member/Consultant
Associate Professor of Medicine Institute of Digestive Diseases and
(Hepatology) Metabolism
University Clinic for Visceral Surgery Hospital Clinic
and Medicine Barcelona, Spain
Inselspital, University of Bern
Bern, Switzerland Khadija Chaudrey, MD
Gastroenterologist
Alan Bonder, MD Division of Gastroenterology and
Assistant Professor of Medicine Hepatology
Division of Gastroenterology and Mayo Clinic
Hepatology Rochester, Minnesota, USA
viii List of Contributors
Roberto de Franchis, MD Gregory J. Gores, MD
Professor of Gastroenterology Professor of Medicine
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Division of Gastroenterology and
Sciences Hepatology
University of Milan Mayo Clinic
Milan, Italy Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Ewen M. Harrison, PhD, FRCSEd
Larissa Fujii‐Lau, MD
Clinical Senior Lecturer and Honorary
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Consultant Surgeon
Department of Gastroenterology
Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical
Queens Medical Center
Services
University of Hawaii
Department of Clinical Surgery
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Tom K. Gallagher, MCh, FRCSI
Robert H. Hawes, MD
Consultant Hepatobiliary and
Transplant Surgeon Professor of Medicine
St. Vincent’s University Hospital University of Central Florida College of
Dublin, Ireland Medicine
Medical Director
Florida Hospital Institute for Minimally
Juan Carlos García‐Pagán, MD, PhD
Invasive Therapy
Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic
Florida Hospital Orlando
Laboratory
Orlando, Florida, USA
Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona
Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Peter C. Hayes, MD, PhD
August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
Professor of Hepatology
University of Barcelona
Liver Unit and Centre for Liver and
CIBERehd (Centro de Investigación
Digestive Disorders
en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Digestivas)
University of Edinburgh
Barcelona, Spain
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Julie K. Heimbach, MD
O. James Garden, CBE, MD, FRCSEd
Professor of Medicine
Regius Professor of Clinical
Department of Surgery
Surgery and Honorary Consultant
Mayo Clinic
Surgeon
Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical
Services Virginia Hernández‐Gea, MD, PhD
Department of Clinical Surgery
Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Laboratory
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona
Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques
Martin Goetz, MD August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
Professor of Endoscopy University of Barcelona
Innere Medizin 1 CIBERehd (Centro de Investigación en Red
Universitätsklinikum Tübingen de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas)
Tübingen, Germany Barcelona, Spain
List of Contributors ix
Michael S. Hoetker, MD Alvaro Martinez‐Alcala, MD
Innere Medizin 1 Visiting Fellow
Universitätsklinikum Tübingen Therapeutic Endoscopy
Tübingen, Germany Basil I. Hirschowitz Endoscopic
Center of Excellence
Scott Inglis, BSc, MSc, PhD, MIPEM, CSci University of Alabama
Senior Clinical Scientist and Honorary Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Lecturer
Medical Physics, NHS Lothian/ Klaus Mönkemüller, MD, PhD, FASGE
University of Edinburgh Professor of Medicine
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Helios Klinikum Jerichower Land
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Teaching Hospital of the
Otto‐von‐Guericke University
Ivan Jovanovic, MD, PhD Burg, Germany
Professor of Medicine
University of Belgrade John N. Plevris, MD, PhD, FRCPE, FEBGH
Belgrade, Serbia Professor and Consultant in
Gastroenterology
Mouen A. Khashab, MD Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders
Associate Professor of Medicine Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Department of Medicine and Division University of Edinburgh
of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland, USA Cristina Ripoll, MD
Assistant Professor
Anastasios Koulaouzidis, MD, FEBG, First Department of Internal Medicine
FACG, FASGE Martin‐Luther‐Universität
Associate Specialist Halle‐Wittenberg
Endoscopy Unit, Centre for Liver and Halle (Saale), Germany
Digestive Disorders
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Marcus C. Robertson, MBBS (Hons),
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK BSci (Biotechnology)
Liver Transplant and Hepatology Fellow
Selina Lamont, MBChB, FRCPSGlasg Centre for Liver and Digestive
Consultant Gastroenterologist Disorders
Royal Alexandra Hospital Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Paisley, Scotland, UK Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Ryan Law, DO Emanuele Rondonotti, MD, PhD
Clinical Lecturer of Medicine Gastroenterology Unit
Division of Gastroenterology Valduce Hospital
University of Michigan Como, Italy
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Giovani E. Schwingel, MD
Michael J. Levy, MD Attending Physician, Consultant
Professor of Medicine Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo
Division of Gastroenterology and Gastroenterologia
Hepatology, Mayo Clinic São Bento do Sul
Rochester, Minnesota, USA Santa Catarina, Brazil
x List of Contributors
Raj J. Shah, MD, AGAF William M. Tierney, MD, FASGE, AGAF
Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases and Nutrition
Hepatology Section
Director, Pancreaticobiliary Endoscopy University of Oklahoma
University of Colorado Anschutz Health Sciences Center
Medical Campus Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
Aurora, Colorado, USA
Fanny Turon, MD
Rohit Sinha, MBBS, MRCP(UK), Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic
PgDip(Lon) Laboratory
Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona,
Clinical Research Fellow in Hepatology
CIBERehd (Centro de Investigación
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders
en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Shyam Varadarajulu, MD
Professor of Medicine
Adrian Stanley, MBChB, MD, FRCPEd,
University of Central Florida College
FRCPSGlasg
of Medicine
Consultant Gastroenterologist and Medical Director
Honorary Clinical Associate Professor Center for Interventional Endoscopy
Glasgow Royal Infirmary Florida Hospital Orlando
Glasgow, Scotland, UK Orlando, Florida, USA
Bezawit Tekola, MD Louis M. Wong Kee Song, MD, FASGE
Senior Fellow Professor of Medicine
GI/Hepatology Division of Gastroenterology and
Digestive Health Center Hepatology
University of Virginia Mayo Clinic
Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Rochester, Minnesota, USA
xi
Preface
Endoscopy is an integral part of the diag- imaging, confocal probes, and dedicated
nosis and therapy of several conditions stents for variceal tamponade, to mention
related to liver disease. Over the past but a few.
decade, there has been a dramatic improve- We, at the Mayo Clinic and at Royal
ment in the technology and the number Infirmary of Edinburgh, envisioned the
of endoscopic techniques available to the utility of putting together a collection of
hepatologist or gastroenterologist with articles about the role of endoscopy in liver
an interest in liver disease. This book disease, which would be of interest to those
fulfills the need for a comprehensive cover working or training in this area. We have
of all aspects of endoscopic procedures in been fortunate to enlist clinicians and
the patient with liver disease including scientists with international recognition in
post‐liver transplantation. These range the field to contribute highly informative
from well established procedures, such and practically useful chapters to the book.
as endoscopic band ligation of varices, to We acknowledge the support of Wiley for
novel approaches, such as EUS guided bringing this endeavor to fruition.
coil or glue injection of gastric varices
and radiofrequency ablation of gastric John N. Plevris
antral vascular ectasia. The apparatus we Peter C. Hayes
use has improved continuously with the Patrick S. Kamath
development of endoscopes for enhanced Louis M. Wong Kee Song
