Contributors Page: ix
Preface Page: xiii
Preface to the First Edition Page: xiii
Chapter 1: Microbial Perspectives in the Twenty-First Century Page: 1
1.1 Introduction Page: 1
1.2 Genomics Page: 2
1.3 Molecular microbial ecology and the study of uncultivable bacteria Page: 3
1.4 Intraspecies variation Page: 4
1.5 Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics Page: 5
1.6 Bacterial–bacterial communication Page: 6
1.7 Host–bacterial interactions Page: 8
1.8 Complex infectious diseases Page: 8
1.9 The future Page: 9
1.10 References Page: 9
Chapter 2: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Global Impact of Endodontic Infections Page: 11
2.1 Endodontic disease: irritation, inflammation, and infection of the pulp and periapical tissues Page: 11
2.2 Primary diagnostic criteria: subjective symptoms and radiographic changes Page: 12
2.3 Pulpal inflammation and infection: public health consequences Page: 13
2.4 Epidemiology of endodontic diseases Page: 16
2.5 Quality of root canal treatment and the development and persistence of apical periodontitis Page: 19
2.6 Treatment strategies: prevention, treatment, and extraction Page: 19
2.7 General oral health, oral health strategies, and tooth preservation as risk factors for oral infections Page: 20
2.8 Conclusions Page: 20
2.9 References Page: 21
Chapter 3: Microbiology of Dental Caries and Dentinal Tubule Infection Page: 25
3.1 Introduction Page: 25
3.2 Oral biofilms associated with dental caries Page: 26
3.3 Microbiota of dental caries Page: 28
3.4 Microbial invasion of dentinal tubules Page: 37
3.5 Clinical aspects of dental caries microbiota and dentinal tubule infection Page: 41
3.6 Conclusions Page: 45
3.7 References Page: 45
Chapter 4: Culture-Based Analysis of Endodontic Infections Page: 51
4.1 Introduction Page: 51
4.2 Historical perspectives Page: 52
4.3 Culture-based analysis in clinical practice Page: 55
4.4 Clinical interpretations Page: 61
4.5 Route of infection in vital and necrotic pulp Page: 63
4.6 Apical periodontitis Page: 64
4.7 Treatment aspects Page: 72
4.8 Persisting infections at root-filled teeth Page: 73
4.9 Culture versus molecular biology methods Page: 76
4.10 Conclusions Page: 76
4.11 References Page: 77
Chapter 5: Molecular Analysis of Endodontic Infections Page: 81
5.1 Introduction Page: 82
5.2 Limitations of culture methods Page: 82
5.3 Molecular biology techniques Page: 85
5.4 Gene targets for microbial identification Page: 86
5.5 PCR and its derivatives Page: 87
5.6 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis Page: 93
5.7 Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism Page: 93
5.8 DNA–DNA hybridization assays Page: 94
5.9 Fluorescence in situ hybridization Page: 95
5.10 Next-generation DNA sequencing technologies Page: 95
5.11 Metagenomics Page: 97
5.12 Advantages and limitations of molecular methods Page: 97
5.13 Unraveling the endodontic microbiome with molecular biology methods Page: 100
5.14 Microbial diversity in endodontic infections Page: 104
5.15 Persistent and secondary intraradicular infections Page: 112
5.16 Extraradicular infections Page: 116
5.17 Other microorganisms in endodontic infections Page: 116
5.18 Next-generation DNA sequencing analyses of the endodontic microbiome Page: 116
5.19 Conclusions Page: 118
5.20 References Page: 119
Chapter 6: Extraradicular Endodontic Infections Page: 129
6.1 Introduction Page: 129
6.2 Brief review of the endodontic microorganisms in infected root canals Page: 130
6.3 Pathways of microbial access to the dental pulp Page: 131
6.4 Infection of the root canal space Page: 131
6.5 Sequelae of pulp infection Page: 131
6.6 Bacterial invasion of the periapical tissues Page: 133
6.7 Microbial factors in periapical lesions Page: 133
6.8 Bacterial evasion of host defense Page: 134
6.9 Extraradicular endodontic infections Page: 134
6.10 Treatment of endodontic infections Page: 142
6.11 Conclusions Page: 144
6.12 Acknowledgments Page: 144
6.13 References Page: 144
Chapter 7: Virulence of Endodontic Bacterial Pathogens Page: 149
7.1 Introduction Page: 149
7.2 Genetic aspects of bacterial virulence Page: 152
7.3 Virulence factors Page: 158
7.4 Virulence associated with endodontic microorganisms Page: 162
7.5 Conclusions and future directions Page: 170
7.6 References Page: 171
Chapter 8: Viruses in Endodontic Pathosis Page: 179
8.1 Introduction Page: 179
8.2 General description of herpesviruses Page: 181
8.3 Human cytomegalovirus Page: 182
8.4 Epstein–Barr virus Page: 183
8.5 Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 Page: 183
8.6 Varicella-zoster virus Page: 183
8.7 Human herpesvirus-6 Page: 183
8.8 Human herpesvirus-7 and -8 Page: 184
8.9 Association between herpesviruses and apical disease Page: 184
8.10 Pathogenesis of herpesvirus-associated apical disease Page: 188
8.11 Model for herpesvirus-mediated apical disease Page: 189
8.12 References Page: 191
Chapter 9: Fungi in Endodontic Infections Page: 197
9.1 General characteristics of fungi Page: 197
9.2 Oral yeasts and carriage Page: 197
9.3 Oral candidosis Page: 198
9.4 Virulence factors and pathogenicity Page: 198
9.5 Presence and pathogenicity of yeasts in different dental tissues Page: 203
9.6 Antifungal activity of endodontic irrigating solutions and disinfectants Page: 214
9.7 Conclusions Page: 220
9.8 References Page: 220
Chapter 10: Severe Head and Neck Infections Page: 231
10.1 Introduction Page: 231
10.2 Etiology and epidemiology Page: 232
10.3 Microbiology Page: 232
10.4 Anatomy and pathogenesis of spread Page: 233
10.5 Diagnosis Page: 240
10.6 Airway management Page: 242
10.7 Medical and surgical management Page: 244
10.8 References Page: 249
Chapter 11: Endodontic Infections and Pain Page: 251
11.1 Introduction Page: 251
11.2 Biology of the pain system Page: 252
11.3 Central sensitization Page: 254
11.4 Persistent pain following endodontic therapy Page: 255
11.5 Mechanisms of pain due to endodontic infections Page: 256
11.6 Clinical strategies for treating pain due to endodontic infections Page: 260
11.7 References Page: 262
Chapter 12: Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontic Infections Page: 269
12.1 Introduction Page: 269
12.2 General principles of antibiotic prescribing Page: 270
12.3 Efficacy of antibiotics Page: 270
12.4 Classification and mode of action of antibiotics Page: 271
12.5 Host factors Page: 275
12.6 Antibiotic effectiveness and bacterial resistance in endodontics Page: 275
12.7 Antibiotic toxicities, allergies, and superinfections Page: 276
12.8 Role of antibiotics in clinical management of endodontic infections Page: 279
12.9 Indications for prophylactic antibiotic therapy Page: 280
12.10 References Page: 283
Chapter 13: Topical Antimicrobials in Endodontics Page: 287
13.1 Introduction Page: 287
13.2 Challenges for topical antimicrobials in root canal disinfection Page: 289
13.3 Requirements of endodontic topical antimicrobials Page: 290
13.4 Classification of topical antimicrobials in root canal therapy Page: 290
13.5 Conclusions Page: 302
13.6 References Page: 302
Chapter 14: Endodontic Infections in Incompletely Developed Teeth Page: 311
14.1 Introduction Page: 311
14.2 Review of tooth development as it relates to endodontic pathosis Page: 312
14.3 Etiology, prevalence, and pathogenesis of pulp disease in incompletely developed teeth Page: 314
14.4 Microbiology of endodontic infections in teeth from pediatric patients Page: 316
14.5 Management of immature teeth Page: 316
14.6 Orthodontic considerations in pathologically involved incompletely formed teeth Page: 327
14.7 Stem cells for pulp and periodontal tissue regeneration Page: 330
14.8 Recent innovations on the regeneration of tooth form Page: 333
14.9 Conclusions and prospects Page: 333
14.10 References Page: 333
Chapter 15: Prognosis of Healing in Treated Teeth with Endodontic Infections Page: 341
15.1 Introduction: The critical importance of prognosis Page: 341
15.2 Outcome measures and criteria in assessment of endodontic prognosis Page: 342
15.3 Levels of evidence in assessment of endodontic prognosis Page: 352
15.4 Prognosis of primary apical periodontitis after initial treatment Page: 356
15.5 Prognosis of posttreatment apical periodontitis after orthograde retreatment Page: 360
15.6 Prognosis of posttreatment apical periodontitis after apical surgery Page: 362
15.7 Prognosis of posttreatment apical periodontitis after intentional replantation Page: 368
15.8 Etiology of persistent apical periodontitis after endodontic treatment Page: 370
15.9 Conclusions Page: 371
15.10 References Page: 372
Chapter 16: Endodontic Infections and Systemic Disease Page: 385
16.1 Introduction Page: 385
16.2 Systemic pain syndromes that mimic endodontic pathosis Page: 386
16.3 Jawbone radiolucencies that mimic endodontic pathosis Page: 387
16.4 Systemic diseases or conditions that may influence the pathogenesis or course of endodontic pathosis Page: 388
16.5 Systemic viral infections Page: 391
16.6 Sickle cell anemia Page: 394
16.7 Malignant neoplasms Page: 395
16.8 Other systemic disease or abnormalities Page: 395
16.9 Hormonal variation and pregnancy Page: 395
16.10 Patients on systemic medications Page: 396
16.11 Genetic and epigenetic variations Page: 396
16.12 Can endodontic infections contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic disease? Page: 397
16.13 References Page: 403
Glossary Page: 409
Index Page: 413
EULA Page: 452
Endodontic Microbiology, Second Edition presents a comprehensive reference to the microbiology, pathogenesis, management, and healing of endodontic pathosis, emphasizing the importance of biological sciences in understanding and managing endodontic disease and its interaction with systemic health.
- Provides a major revision to the first book to focus on the problems related to microbes in the root canal and periapical tissues
- Updates current knowledge in endodontic pathosis, especially regarding next generation sequencing and microbial virulence
- Presents useful diagrams, images, radiographs, and annotated histological images to illustrate the concepts
- Emphasizes the importance of biological science in understanding and managing endodontic disease
- Includes contributions from the leading researchers and educators in the field
