Table Of ContentENDOCRINOLOGY
OF
PREGNANCY
CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY
P. Michael Conn,
SERIES EDITOR
9. Endocrinology ofP regnancy edited by FULLER W BAZER, 1998
8. Clinical Management ofD iabetic Neuropathy, edited by ARISTIDIS VEVES, 1998
7. Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, edited by GEORGE H. GREELEY, JR., 1998
6. G Proteins, Receptors, and Disease, edited by ALLEN M SPIEGEL, 1998
5. Natriuretic Peptides in Health and Disease, edited by WILLIS K. SAMSON
AND ELLIS R. LEVIN, 1997
4. Endocrinology of Critical Diseases. edited by K. PATRICK OEER, 1997
3. Diseases oft he Pituitary: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by
MARGARET E. WIERMAN, 1997
2. Diseases oft he Thyroid, edited by LEWIS E. BRAVERMAN, 1997
1. Endocrinology oft he Vasculature, edited by JAMES R. SOWERS, 1996
ENDOCRINOLOGY
OF PREGNANCY
Edited by
W. PHD
FULLER BAZER,
Department ofA nimal Science and Institute
ofB iosciences and Technology, Texas A&M
University,
College Station, TX
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 1998
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Endocrinology ofpregnancy/edited by Fuller W. Bazer
p. cm.--(Contemporary endocrinology; 9)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-4612-7291-5 ISBN 978-1-4612-1804-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-1804-3
1. Obstetrical endocrinology. 1. Bazer, Fuller Warren, 1938-
II. Series: Contemporary endocrinology (Totowa, NJ) ; 9.
[DNLM: 1. Pregnancy-physiology. 2. Hormones-physio10gy. WQ 205 E566 1998]
RG558.5.E532 1998
573.6' 7l9-dc2l
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 98-3059
CIP
PREFACE
Endocrinology ofP regnancy is appropriate and timely for the Contemporary Endo
crinology series. Over the past two decades, significant advances in our understanding
of signals from the conceptus (embryo and its associated extra-embryonic membranes)
responsible for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy have been realized.
Attention has turned from interactions between the immune and reproductive systems
that would "destroy" the conceptus to the theory of immunotropism whereby immune
cells produce growth factors that enhance fetal-placental growth. In fact, we now recog
nize that cytokines and lymphokines, once thought to be unique to immune cells, are
expressed by cells of the uterus and/or fetal-placental tissues, and thus have been added
to the list ofg rowth factors that contribute to the successful outcome ofa pregnancy. Each
oft hese growth factors complement the effects of steroid hormones and must act through
a receptor that is appropriately expressed within the pregnant uterus or maternal system.
There is considerable "crosstalk" between the maternal and fetal-placental systems
that influence behavior, physiology, and endocrinology of organ systems and develop
ment ofthe mammary glands to ensure continued nutrition to the offspring during post
natal development. Another set of key signals are those that lead to parturition, final
maturation of the fetus/neonate, and bonding between offspring and mother.
This volume provides the reader with a comprehensive treatise on the "Endocrinology
of Pregnancy" in both primate and subprimate mammals. The aim was to address key
mechanisms associated with the establishment, maintenance, and termination of a suc
cessful pregnancy and, in so doing, to provide a solid base of information for use by both
research scientists and clinicians with interests in factors that affect pregnancy. Each of
the contributors has based the information in their respective chapters on research from
their laboratories and from the laboratories of their colleagues.
Fuller W. Bazer, PHD
v
CONTENTS
Preface ........................................................................................................ v
Contributors .............................................................................................. ix
1 Endocrinology of the Transition from Recurring Estrous Cycles
to Establishment of Pregnancy in Subprimate Mammals ................ 1
Fuller W Bazer, Troy L. Ott, and Thomas E. Spencer
2 Endocrinology of the Transition from Menstrual Cyclicity
to Establishment of Pregnancy in Primates ............................... 35
Richard L. Stouffer and John P. Hearn
3 Role of Cytokines in the Pregnant Uterus ofInterstitial
Implanting Species ...................................................................... 59
Jeffrey W Pollard
4 Role of Growth Factors of Uterine and Fetal-Placental
Origin During Pregnancy ........................................................... 83
Virginia Rider and Marta Piva
5 Novel Concepts in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproductive
Tract Functions .......................................................................... 125
Ch. V. Rao
6 The Rodent Placental Prolactin Family and Pregnancy ............... 145
Michael J. Soares, Guoli Dai, Christopher B. Cohick,
Heiner Muller, and Kyle E. Orwig
7 Expression of Steroid Hormone Receptors
in the Pregnant Uterus .............................................................. 177
William C. Okulicz, Sheri Hild-Petito, and Beverly Chilton
8 Endocrine Control of Trophoblast-Uterine Epithelial
Cell Interactions ........................................................................ 199
Robert C. Burghardt, Jeffrey A. Bowen, and Fuller W. Bazer
9 The Influences ofImmune Cells on the Success of Pregnancy ....... 229
B. Anne Croy, Philippa F. Whitelaw, and Heidi E. Engelhardt
10 Secretion and Metabolism of Steroids in Subprimate Mammals
During Pregnancy ..................................................................... 291
Rodney D. Geisert and Alan J. Conley
11 Secretion and Metabolism of Steroids in Primate Mammals
During Pregnancy ..................................................................... 319
Eugene D. Albrecht and Gerald J. Pepe
12 Endocrine Maturation of the Fetus ............................................... 353
Stuart B. Hooper and Ian R. Young
vii
viii Contents
13 Development and Function of the Fetal Endocrine System ........ 387
Tom E. Porter
14 Endocrine Control of Parturition .................................................. 407
Robert E. Garfield, George Saade, and Kristof Chwalisz
15 Multiple Physiological Effects of Relaxin During Pregnancy ......... 431
0. David Sherwood
16 Placental Lactogen and Growth Hormone: Regulation
and Action ................................................................................. 461
Russell V. Anthony, Sean W Limesand, Michael D. Fanning,
and Rongti Liang
17 Stromal-Epithelial Cell Communication in the Female
Reproductive Tract ................................................................... 491
Paul S. Cooke, David L. Buchanan, Takeshi Kurita,
Dennis B. Lubahn, and Gerald R. Cunha
18 Maternal Cardiovascular and Other Physiologic Responses
to the Endocrinology of Pregnancy .......................................... 507
Ronald R. Magness
19 The Endocrinology of Uterine Decidualization ........................... 541
Kevin G. Osteen
20 Endocrine Regulation of Maternal Behavior Postpartum ............ 555
Gary L. Williams
Index ....................................................................................................... 569
CONTRIBUTORS
EUGENE D. ALBRECHT, PHD, Bressler Research Laboratories, Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland,
Baltimore, MD
RUSSELL V. ANTHONY, PHD, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Department
ofP hysiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
FULLER W. BAZER, PHD, Department ofA nimal Sciences and Institute ofB iosciences
and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
JEFFERY A. BOWEN, PHD, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
DAVID L. BUCHANAN, MS, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University ofI llinois,
Urbana,IL
ROBERT C. BURGHARDT, PHD, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
BEVERLY S. CHILTON, PHD, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
KRISTOF CHWALISZ, MD, PHD, Fertility Control and Hormone Therapy Research,
Research Laboratories ofS chering Aktiengesellschaji, Schering A G, Berlin, Germany
CHRISTOPHER B. COHICK, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, University ofK ansas Medical
Center, Kansas City, KS
ALAN 1. CONLEY, PHD, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School
of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
PAUL S. COOKE, PHD, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University ofI llinois,
Urbana,IL
B. ANNE CROY, DVM, PHD, Department ofB iomedical Sciences, University of Guelph,
Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
GERALD R. CUNHA, PHD, Department ofA natomy, University of California,
San Francisco, CA
GUOL! DAI, DVM, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, University of Kansas Medical
Center, Kansas City, KS
HEIDI E. ENGELHARDT, PHD, Department ofA nimal and Poultry Sciences, University
of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
MICHAEL D. FANNING, PHD, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Department
ofP hysiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
ROBERT E. GARFIELD, PHD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
RODNEY D. GEISERT, PHD, Department ofA nimal Science, Oklahoma State University,
Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK
JOHN P. HEARNE, PHD, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
SHERI A. HILD-PETITO, PHD, BioQual, Inc., Rockville, MD
STUART HOOPER, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, Monash University, Clayton,
Victoria, Australia
ix
x Contributors
TAKESHI KURITA, PHD, Department ofA natomy, University of California,
San Francisco, CA
RONGTI LIANG, PHD, Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Department ofP hysiology,
Colorado State University, Animal Fort Collins, CO
SEAN W. LIMESAND, MS, Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Department ofP hysiology,
Colorado State University, Animal Fort Collins, CO
DENNIS B. LUBAHN, PHD, Departments of Biochemistry and Child Health, University
ofM issouri, Columbia, MO
RONALD R. MAGNESS, PHD, Department ofO bstetrics and Gynecology, Meriter
Hospital/Park, Madison, WI
HEINER MULLER, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, University ofK ansas Medical Center,
Kansas City, KS
WILLIAM C. OKULICZ, PHD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
ofM assachusetts, Worcester, MA
KYLE E. ORWIG, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, University ofK ansas Medical Center,
Kansas City, KS
KEVIN G. OSTEEN, PHD, Department ofO bstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN
TROY L. OTT, PHD, Center for Animal Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX
GERALD 1. PEPE, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School,
Norfolk, VA
MARTA PIVA, PHD, Division ofM olecular Biology and Biochemistry, University
ofM issouri, Kansas City, MO
JEFFREY W. POLLARD, PHD, Albert Einstein College ofM edicine, Bronx, New York
TOM E. PORTER, PHD, Department ofA nimal Sciences, University ofM aryland, College
Park,MD
CH. V. RAo, PHD, Department ofOB/GYN, University ofL ouisville, Health Sciences
Center, Louisville, KY
VIRGINIA C. RIDER, PHD, Division ofM olecular Biology and Biochemistry, University
Missouri, Kansas City, MO
GEORGE SAADE, PHD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
DAVID O. SHERWOOD, PHD, Department ofM olecular & Integrated Physiology, University
ofI llinois, Urbana, IL
MICHAEL 1. SOARES, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, University ofK ansas Medical
Center, Kansas City, KS
THOMAS E. SPENCER, PHD, Center for Animal Biotechnology, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX
RICHARD L. STOUFFER, PHD, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
PHILIPPA F. WHITELAW, PHD, Department ofB iomedical Sciences, University of Guelph,
Ontario, Canada
GARY L. WILLIAMS, PHD, Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Station, Texas A&M University, Beeville, TX
I. R. YOUNG, PHD, Department ofP hysiology, Monash University, Wellington Road,
Clayton, Victoria, Australia
1
Endocrinology of the Transition
from Recurring Estrous Cycles
to Establishment of Pregnancy
in Subprimate Mammals
Fuller W. Bazer, PHD, Troy L. Ott, PHD
and Thomas E. Spencer,
PHD
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
THE ESTROUS CYCLE AND LUTEOLY SIS
PREGNANCY RECOGNITION SIGNALS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is established and maintained in subprimate mammals in response to a series
of interactions among the conceptus (embryo and associated membranes), uterus, and/or
ovarian corpus luteum (CL). These interactions prevent functional and structural regres
sion of the CL, or luteolysis. This chapter describes aspects of the endocrinology of recur
ring estrous cycles in ruminants, swine, horses, cats, dogs, and rodents, but the primary
focus is on signaling for maternal recognition of pregnancy. During the peri-implantation
period, pregnancy recognition signals from the conceptus to the maternal system are anti
luteolytic and/or luteotrophic. The functional life-span of the CL is controlled by release
of prostaglandin F2a (pOF) from the uterus and/or ovaries, whereas pregnancy recogni
tion signals from the trophoblast may act in a paracrine or endocrine manner to interrupt
endometrial or intraovarian production of luteolytic POF (antiluteolytic) or the effect may
be directly on the CL (luteotropic). The primary focus of this chapter is pregnancy recog
nition signals in subprimate mammals, which prevent luteolysis and ensure maintenance
of an intrauterine environment that supports events associated with establishment and
maintenance of pregnancy.
1
