Table Of ContentEndocrinology
&
Iridology
John Andrews
Corona Books 2005
Endocrinology & Iridology Contents
by John Andrews
An Introduction to Endocrinology and Iridology
Design: Simon Bindoff
Mechanisms of Hormones
Neuroendocrine Role of the Hypothalamus
Photographic Images: John Andrews
Neuroendocrine Immunology Overview in Iridology
The Pituitary Gland & Iridology
Graphics: John Andrews, Tavia Fiorello &
The Amazing Role of Prolactin
Simon Bindoff
Endocrine Pupillary Dynamics
The IPB and the Endocrine System
Manuscript: John Andrews & Sam Day
Differentiation of Lacunae in Endocrine Based Iridology
The Endocrine Collarette
Published in 2005 by
ANeuroendocrine Appraisal of the Pineal Gland as Reflected Through Iridology
Corona Books,
Thyroid Gland and Iridology Correlations
55 Beverley Road
The Endocrine Role of the Liver
Hull, HU3 1XL
Hypoglycaemia & Iridology
UK
Gastrointestinal Endocrinology in Iridology
Diabetes Mellitus, Iridology & the Endocrine System
ISBN 1-903358-06-9
Validation of Iridology
The Adrenal Glands in Iridology an Endocrinological Perspective
Copyright © 2005, John Andrews
Endocrine Functions of the Renal System
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome & Iridology
The moral right of John Andrews to be
ANaturopathic Perspective on Endometriosis & Iridology
identified as the author of this work has
Uterine Fibroids & Iridology
been asserted by him in accordance with the
Cervical Dysplasia
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Postnatal Depression
The Menopause Axis in Iridology
All rights reserved. No part of this publica-
Endocrine Emotional Energetics
tion may be reproduced, stored in or intro-
Appendix 1 - Thyroid Temperature Chart
duced into a retrieval system, or transmitted
Appendix 2 - Taking Your Basal Body Temperature
in any form, or by any means (electronic,
Appendix 3 - Thyroid Gland Study Results
mechanical, photocopying, recording or
Appendix 4 – Sub-Lingual Delivery
otherwise) without the prior written permis-
Appendix 5 - Medicinal & Nutritional Mushrooms An Endocrine Perspective
sion of the publisher. Any person who does
Appendix 6 - Salivary Hormonal Tests
any unauthorised act in relation to this pub-
Appendix 7 - Comprehensive Melatonin Profile
lication may be liable to criminal and civil
Appendix 8 - Bibliography
claims for damages.
Printed in the UK
AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss
I would like to thank the following for prac-
tical assistance, professional assistance,
inspiration and guidance:
Sammy, Talia, Sharon, Sam Day, Tavia
Fiorello, Dr Naila Loqueman, Dr Daniele
Lo Rito and family, Jon Wood, Pat McBride
& the Pituitary Foundation, Dr Mikhail
Dailakis, Dr Florrie Kerschbaumer and
family, Dr David Pesek, Dr Irina Pakhotina,
Dr Salvatore Arcella, Dr Celso Batello, Dr
Etienne Callebout, Dr Kitty Campion, Celia
Mara, Dr Liane Beringhs, Dr Clodoaldo
Pachecho, Dr Vincenzo Di Spazio, Roberto
Gamba, Bruno Guirati, Jerry & Breda Gard-
ner, Anne Quinn, Oonagh Donnelly, Simon
Miles, Wendy Sullivan, Patricia Hunt, Sam
& Mark Kennedy, Claus Jahn, Willy
Hauser, Franz Kohl, Ellen & Art Tart-
Jensen, Dr Javier Griso Salome, Thelma
Charalambides, Tom Anstett, Simon Bind-
off, Serge Jurasunas, Marilena Angelini,
Carlos Magno, Rafael Navarette & Angela
Mahandru.
for Talia FFoorreewwoorrdd
It is with great pleasure that I present this
Foreword for John's new text.
This book should be read by all those inter-
ested in the subject of Endocrinology what-
ever their profession. It is written with great
clarity and thought. Each chapter unfolds as
a tutorial - I can almost imagine the author
sitting next to me describing the various
signs and symptoms as told by each condi-
tion! This reflects John's extensive and ever
growing knowledge. It is not merely a text-
book but a personalized explanation of dis-
ease processes approached from his study
of Iridology. Read it in its entirety or dip
into a chapter of interest. The system is
complex and interactive. Each chapter can
stand-alone or be cross reference with oth-
ers if necessary.
As a patient, I thank John for all his good
work, as a general practitioner; I thank him
for enlightening me.
Dr Naila Loqueman
May 2005
1
An Introduction to
Endocrinology and Iridology
T
he understanding of the endocrine is integral to emotional well-being, healthy
system and its many dynamics is growth, metabolism, blood sugar balance,
required with whatever field we find energy and psychoneuroimmunology.
ourselves working within, after all hormon- Indeed, Peter Mandel, one of natural medi-
al exchanges are the basis for life. An in- cine’s pioneering integrators and innova-
depth study of the endocrine system is a tors, states that the root for all diseases is in
logical extension from my previous pub- the endocrine system. The late Bernard
lished works on the immune system, Jensen, inspiration to literally millions, said
embryology and emotional approaches in that our health is dependent on the health of
iridology. It is the next piece of the jigsaw our hormonal system.
puzzle in iridology research. I doubt, how-
ever, despite swathes of research and work The activity of the endocrine system com-
in this field, that this is the final piece we plements that of the immune and nervous
need to complete the picture. systems. In fact many authorities conclude
that the endocrine system is the most impor-
Before you begin reading I must make you tant factor in the maintenance of homeosta-
aware that this is not intended as an in- sis, due to the control of metabolism,
depth reference on endocrinology alone, but growth and reproduction. This activity takes
only my awareness of endocrinology, in place in a slow, but sure way due to pro-
relation to iridology. With this in mind, longed communication between large num-
much of what does not appear could be just bers of cells at numerous different sites in
what you are searching for! My apologies. I the body.
must stress that the work presented here is
based wholly on my experience, and, from Most of the broad approaches to the under-
direct contact with colleagues, referenced standing of the endocrine system are includ-
when appropriate. The clinical and ed here. My aim has been to present the
research-based work presented in this book material so it is accessible, digestible and
is true to my knowledge base at the time of practical for a broad base of professions –
publication, although there is, always, much naturopaths, general practitioners, endocri-
we can all learn and apply to help patients nologists, patients and, of course, iridolo-
and their families. I encourage suggestions gists. If I have only partially achieved this
and discussion within this field. attainment then I will be very happy.
We need to have a holistic understanding of In addition to these broad approaches and
the endocrine system in order to maintain application of the hormonal system, in rela-
health. We know that the endocrine system tion to iridology, I have offered some chap-
2 Introduction 3
ters on more specialised topics, some have end of November 2004. A full advanced Mechanisms of Hormones
scant information on them generally, espe- course is scheduled on Endocrinology &
cially in non-specialist circles and iridology Iridology in Ireland for April 2005. Further
D
epending on where hormones exert
generally. I have been inspired to research such seminars on the subject are in the
their biological effect elicited in
and integrate diverse sources of informa- pipeline in the UK, USAand throughout the
relation to the location of hormonal
tion, from a solid foundation of practical world. If any of this material has intrigued
release, we have five accepted classifica-
experience. Many of these areas have not or inspired, and you wish to learn more
tions of hormonal types:
been mentioned in iridology texts previous- please get in touch via email to be added to
ly; therefore we are open to critical assess- our international database.
• Endocrine
ments and also errors. The chapters on The
• Paracrine
Amazing Role of Prolactin, Gastrointestinal If one fraction of the material here has
• Autocrine
Endocrinology in Iridology, The Endocrine inspired or even helped you as an iridology
• Intracrine
Role of the Liver and The IPB and the student or a practitioner to assist and help a
• Neuroendocrine
Endocrine System typify this. patient or given you a different perspective
or understanding, then in my eyes, all this
Paracrine hormones are released from one
With new research we always run the risk of work has been worthwhile and the project is
cell and exert a biological effect on a neigh-
sceptical mindsets, but this should not a complete success.
bouring cell in the same organ or tissue, for
destabilise our intentions to share the work
example in the liver.
and provoke debate. I always encourage iri- I offer heartfelt appreciation for your inter-
dologists to publish and share their work in est. Thanks for reading.
The effect is considered autocrine when a
the Advanced Iridology Research Journal
hormone produces a biological influence on
and other forums. Many do, but fear of crit-
the same cell that released it.
icism prevents most from doing so. We John Andrews
must breakthrough this to allow iridology to
When a hormone is synthesized and acts in
flourish further.
an intracellular manner in the same cell, it is
Sao Paulo
termed as intracrine, for example with some
You may find some of the information pre- Brazil
types of androgen-derived oestrogen.
sented here as new and even challenging,
one attendee on an advanced seminar I was November 2004
The effect is considered endocrine, when a
teaching, commented that their training in
hormone is released into the circulation and
iridology had been turned on its head. This
travels through the blood or nervous system
book does not exclude any other approach
to produce a biological effect by binding to
in iridology, my hope, is that it adds to it,
hormonal receptors on distant target cells.
and even enhances it.
Neuroendocrine cell signalling has neurose-
Some of the work featured here has been
cretory cells that have distant target cells
presented at endocrinology meetings or
through the nervous system.
conferences in the UK, plus also at iridolo-
gy congress and symposia in Greece, USA,
Italy, South Africa, England and as I write,
in Sao Paulo in Brasil over four days at the
5
Neuroendocrine Role
of the Hypothalamus
T
he hypothalamus is a tiny neural FFuunnccttiioonn
gland, weighing a mere 1/300 of the
total brain mass, that’s 4g or less than The Hypothalamus is central to the self-reg-
1/2%. Despite its size it exerts enormous ulation systems of our organism, such as:
influence over the mind and body and even
minor dysfunctions in a single nucleus can • Body temperature
create considerable mental, emotional and • Hunger and appetite
physical problems. In Electroacupuncture • Certain pain responses
(according to Voll) the hypothalamus is • Water balance
considered to be one of the most important • Thirst
measurement points for general health (the • Sexual activity and drive
Hypothalamic point on the ear). • Sleeping and waking mechanisms
• Emotional behaviour - fear, rage, sad-
In Endocrinology the hypothalamus rarely ness, pleasure
figures clinically, unless in cases of Cranio- • Perspiration
pharyngioma, for example. It all seems • Blood sugar balance
dependent on the approach of the individual • Ambition
specialist. If tumours are not part of the • Endocrine gland functions, especially
clinical focus, then the hypothalamus in pituitary functions
endocrinology can be overlooked. This pos- • Fat metabolism
sibility rings true in natural medicine also. • Immune system reactions
The hypothalamus’central influence across • Activity of the visceral or autonomic
psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology is often nervous system (ANS)
neglected and is only covered with brevity • Peristalsis
during basic training. This needs to be
amended in both approaches of medicine, AAnnaattoommyy
as the hypothalamus is the endocrine region
of the brain that coordinates the physiologi- The Hypothalamus is a major integrating
cal responses from different organs and connection between the nervous, immune
glands, which help to maintain homeostasis and endocrine systems. Located in the fore-
for the organism we know as the human brain, immediately above the Pituitary
body. gland and lying beneath the thalami (or
thalamus); the hypothalamus is made up of
the floor of the third ventricle which is com-
prised of the tuber cinereum and the median
eminence, plus several groups of neurones
6 Neuroendocrine Role of the Hypothalamus Hormones 7
termed ‘nuclei’, each with different func- to the body’s internal magnetic system, pre-
tions (although the exact nature of these vents spinal problems such as scoliosis HHoorrmmoonneess ooff tthhee HHyyppootthhaallaammuuss aanndd AAddeennoohhyyppoopphhyyssiiss
varied functions is yet to be clarified). from developing, balances sleep patterns
and a person’s mood, in relation to the Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Target Gland or Tissue
A continuation of the tuber cinereum and response to light (for example SAD) and
the median eminence forms the infundibu- serotonin, Thalami (incorrectly referred to GNRH GH many glands and all tissues
lum (commonly known as the ‘pituitary as “thalamus”; due to its paired existence.)
stalk’) - which joins the hypothalamus with GNRIH GH inhibition Thyroid gland
the pituitary gland; thus the pathways for The thalami are located one on each side of Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
endocrine influence are set. the third ventricle in the diencephalon. All All tissues
sensations, except smell, pass through the TRH TSH Thyroid gland
According to Human Endocrinology by thalami on their way to other areas of the CRH ACTH Adrenal cortex
Paul Gard, “It is at the level of the Hypo- brain. The thalami are considered to be the None PRL Breast
thalamus that the higher centres of the brain “gateway to consciousness” on numerous PIF PRLinhibition Breast
are able to influence the activity of the different levels. It has corresponding fibre LNRH or GnRH FSH or LH ovaries and testes
endocrine system.” systems which are connected to parts of the
CNS, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal GHRH = growth hormone releasing hormone
DDiieenncceepphhaalloonn cord; and is also considered a “coordination GH = growth hormone (somatotrophin)
organ” involved in connecting feelings of GHRIH = growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
The Hypothalamus is part of the dien- pain, touch, temperature with taste, balance TRH = thyroid releasing hormone
cephalon that literally means “inbetween and the sensations of the bodily organs.
TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
brain”. Within this synthesis emphatic emotional
CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone
reactions are produced, such as likes and
ACTH = adrenocorticotrophic hormone
The Hypothalamus is the bridge between dislikes, love and hate.
PRL = prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
the brain and body, physical and emotional.
PIF = prolactin inhibiting factor
It is rich in hormones, regulates the function NNeeuurrooeennddooccrriinnee HHyyppootthhaallaammiicc
LNRH = luetinising hormone releasing hormone
of the Hypophysis and has a complex rela- IInnfflluueenncceess
GnRH = gonadotrophin releasing hormone
tionship with the neurological functions,
LH = luteinising hormone
especially the Limbic system, which is With the Hypothalamus connected to so
involved in regulating emotions and basic many different functions, it is unsurprising
cerebral reactions; and consists of the to find that numerous factors can influence • Cerebrosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and • Dysbiosis
amygdala (where fear is registered, recog- hypothalamic performance, such as: lateral sclerosis • General endocrine disturbances (e.g.
nised and generated), Hippocampus (which • EMFs, geopathic stress, x-rays and other hypophyseal adenoma)
is involved in the creation of anxiety, self- • Bacteria (especially streptococcus), virus forms of excess radiation • Dysglycaemia
awareness, hedonism, fear conditioning and and general systemic toxaemia • Heavy metal toxicity such as mercury, • Emotional stress (e.g. grief and the expe-
storage of long term memory), caudate • Stimulants such as nicotine, coffee, alco- lead, aluminium and cadmium rience of bereavement)
nucleus, Pineal gland - which is involved in hol and drugs such as sedatives and bar- • Neuromuscular spastic conditions affect-
the production of the melatonin hormone biturates ing the optic and auditory centres
from tryptophan, our circadian rhythm, • Insecticides used in agriculture • Low zinc, germanium, chromium, sele-
influences sexual function, immune • Problems with the wisdom teeth nium or copper levels
responses to stress and emotions, is central • Scurvy • Depression
8 Neuroendocrine Role of the Hypothalamus Neuroendocrine Immunology 9
HHyyppootthhaallaammiicc RReegguullaattiioonn ooff • Endocrine They reach the general systemic circulation, • There is an afferent link between a
HHoorrmmoonnaall RReelleeaassee • Neural together with the posterior pituitary hor- peripheral site of humorally (B-cell)
mones such as oxytocin and ADH, through mediated acute inflammatory response
Although the hypothalamus is considered Hormones can either signal the hypothala- the venous blood draining the pituitary and specific nuclei within the hypothala-
an endocrine gland it does not have to func- mus to inhibit or stimulate hypophysiotrop- which enters the intercavernous sinus and mus.
tion detached and distant from the central ic hormone release from the pituitary. This the internal jugular veins.
nervous system because it is constantly loop of hormonal regulation and control is • Aperipheral inflammatory response will
receiving, processing and integrating affer- paramount to prevent the onset of numerous NNeeuurrooeennddooccrriinnee IImmmmuunnoollooggyy && increase the turnover rate of the neuro-
ent signals from multiple neurological loca- diseases that can take over the hormonal, tthhee HHyyppootthhaallaammuuss transmitter noradrenaline in the hypo-
tions. Some of these afferent signals convey immune or nervous systems. An example of thalamus.
sensory environmental information and this is the ability of ACTH to inhibit CRH The immune system response can be
some signals are visceral afferents that pro- release by the hypothalamus or the produc- increased or decreased by triggers from the • Immunological signs are not only trans-
vide the CNS with information from organs tion of cortisol that inhibits CRH also. hypothalamus. mitted to the adrenal glands and brain
such as the heart, intestines, liver and the (hypothalamus and epiphysis) from dis-
stomach. The hypothalamus is the centre for TTwwoo mmaaiinn ttyyppeess ooff nneeuurroonnss aanndd • The hypothalamus has connections and tant tissue foci; but those signs are also
integration. As iridologists we need to inte- tthhee eennddooccrriinnee hhyyppootthhaallaammuuss influence over/to our emotions, capable of eliciting CNS activity.
grate our practice with the importance of endocrine functions, immunity and affer-
the hypothalamus, because its neuroen- Two general types of neurons have been ent autonomic nervous system. The prin- • Nerve cells fire in the hypothalamus
docrinological documentation helps to identified as components of the endocrine ciple structures of the immune system, after vaccination - which can lead to
prove Iridology. hypothalamus. These include the parvicel- thymus, spleen and lymph nodes are adverse effects on the nervous systems,
lular neurons, which have axons terminat- innovated by the autonomic nervous sys- endocrine, neurological and immunolog-
Circulating hormones produced by ing in the median eminence and the magno- tem. ical systems.
endocrine glands and also substrates such as cellular neurons. The magnocellular neuron
glucose can help to regulate hypothalamic axons terminate in the posterior pituitary • The immune system directly influences • Neurohormones can elicit immune
neuronal functions. Other neuronal signals gland. activity of a critical neuroendocrine cir- changes.
are transmitted by an eclectic collection of cuit involving the hypothalamus, pitu-
neurotransmitters from afferent fibres such Neuropeptides released from the parvicellu- itary and adrenal glands. The influence • The hypothalamus is rich in hormones,
as adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, lar neurons control the anterior pituitary derives from thymic peptides originating regulates the pituitary and has a complex
dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and acetyl- functions. These include CRH, growth hor- from the thymus gland. relationship with the limbic system (so-
choline. All these factors influence the mone-releasing hormone, dopamine, lutein- called ‘emotional brain’). The hypothal-
hypothalamic hormonal release, as can the ising hormone-releasing hormone and • The hypothalamus operates through var- amus has receptor sites for humoral
hypothalamic neuropeptides that possess an somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hor- ious ‘feedback’mechanisms. Along loop influences from the blood, cerebrospinal
ultra short feedback loop. From this per- mone. These hypothalamic peptides stimu- feedback connection exists between the fluid and influences the pituitary through
spective we can say the hypothalamus car- late the release of more well-known and brain (and hypothalamus) and primary a variety of polypeptide releasing factors
ries the potential for self-determination. recognised hormones from the anterior pitu- and secondary tissues of immunity. The (TRH, LHRH, CRF and somatostatin).
itary such as prolactin, growth hormone, brain and psyche can and do influence
Hypothalamic hormonal release is moni- ACTH, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle- immune efficacy. It is also interesting to • In addition to this there is an established
tored by the following regulations: stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid- note that thymic hormones (thymosin) link between the pituitary and thymus
stimulating hormone (TSH). are also feedback controlled. gland on which the T-cells are depend-
• Environmental ent.
10 Neuroendocrine Role of the Hypothalamus Leptin 11
• Nuclei in the dorsal hypothalamus are out the brain. If the blood is too cool; the myelin sheath is considered an • Pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute
involved in the suppression of primary then heat production is stimulated. The autoimmune affliction of brain and to the development of insulin resistance
antibody responses; prolonged antigen in hypothalamus raises or lowers the spinal cord. The posterior hypothalamus in obese individuals and the potential
the blood and inability to influence strep- blood/body temperature. It will induce a registers and is affected by myelin sheath role of leptin as a regulator of fat mass.
tococcal antigen response. fever in response to infection. To help changes.
the immune system “burn up“ the prob- LLeeppttiinn
• In the lateral hypothalamus serotonin lem, when infected, the body releases • The hypothalamus has sexual drive cen-
reduces excess activity. Serotonin is an pyrogenic chemicals into the blood- tres; where interaction of neurotransmit- The name leptin is derived from the ancient
important neurotransmitter found and stream, acting on temperature sensing ter and sexual hormones take place. Greek word leptos, which translates as
produced in the intestines (enteric nerv- neurones in the hypothalamus. Fever is, Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus meaning thin. Leptin is a polypeptide hor-
ous system and platelets) and the brain. essentially, an immune response. and is released as a result of stimulation mone, which is secreted by adipose tissue in
to the sexual centres and reproductive communication with the hypothalamus.
• Serotonin is derived from the amino acid • Hypothalamic dysfunction stems from a organs. Oxytocin floods the brain during Leptin contains 146 amino acids. The leptin
- tryptophan - that synthesises 5-hydrox- disturbance of the neurotransmitters, orgasm and the final stages of childbirth signal is transported across the blood-brain
ytryptamine into serotonin. Tryptophan which carry messages to, and from it, in (uterine contractions). Oxytocin pro- barrier to be received and integrated by the
is found in Spirulina, walnuts, avocado, connection with other parts of the brain, motes the production of breast milk. It is hypothalamic neurons, thus limiting the
pineapple, and Chlorella, amongst other intestinal tissues (MALT), endocrine closely linked to endorphins. Endorphins need to eat more food and it encourages
food sources. Serotonin, found in the glands, nerve cells and the blood. The - such as beta endorphins - are endoge- gonadotrophin releasing hormone or
hypothalamus, plays a part in the regula- lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus reg- nous opiates and neuropeptides created GnRH.
tion of antibody (immunoglobulin etc) isters a fall in blood sugar levels; the in nerve cells which are all rich in both
production. ventromedial aspect responds to achieve hypothalamus and pituitary and for Leptin is an indicator of energy stores in
a balance by raising blood glucose lev- which there are receptor sites throughout addition to its role as a modulator of energy
• Insulin is not simply a hormone secreted els. Chronic changes in the blood sugar the system; including immune cells and balance.
by the Islets of Langerhans in the pan- levels can influence the neurohormonal tissues. Neuropeptide levels appear to be
creas, but is also classified as a neu- equilibrium and exchange; which can altered in autoimmune disease - studies In recent years more and more research
ropeptide - manufactured and stored in lead to, for example, ‘menstrual have shown RA patients to have lower regarding leptin has come to light. It has
parts of the brain; particularly the amyg- headache or migraine’, which is a hypo- levels of beta-endorphins. Beta-endor- become a hot topic, because the leptin lev-
dala and hypothalamus. It is clear that thalamic disturbance due to progesterone phins stimulate the proliferation of T- els help control our body fat. The levels of
the limbic system (of which the afore- deficiency. This could also lead to amen- cells. These beta-endorphins help to leptin correlate with the percentage of adi-
mentioned are members, as previously orrhoea, particularly if stress is a large modulate the central nervous system. pose tissue. This creates an endocrine indi-
noted), which is the seat of the emotion- factor in the presenting case. cator of energy stores, but the balance can
al brain; is also the focal point for recep- • The pineal has been linked to involve- be tipped due to feedback signals and
tors for neuropeptides. There are also • Other conditions linked to hypothalamic ment in immune and circadian rhythm endocrine pathways. Many people in the
insulin receptors in the brain; which have dysfunction from research in recent control and immune dysfunction related field have looked at leptin as a cure for obe-
been mapped from the neurological years include diabetes mellitus, sub-fer- conditions in recent medical postula- sity. Obesity is endemic in many western
tracking of insulin. tility, clinical obesity, bulimia, Anorexia tions. Anatomically, it is connected to the countries now, and, the incidence is grow-
nervosa and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). brain via a short stalk containing nerves, ing alarmingly amongst children in the UK
• Body temperature is registered in spe- MS is defined through nerve demyelina- many of which terminate in the hypo- and USA. Lower levels of leptin and
cialised neurons in the hypothalamus tion - a destruction of the myelin sheath; thalamus. increased adiposity leads to numerous mal-
that respond to the temperature of in basic terms the protective coating functions of the endocrine system.
incoming blood, as it circulates through- afforded our nerves. This destruction of
