Table Of ContentEndocrine Diseases in Pregnancy
and the Postpartum Period
Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy
and the Postpartum Period
Edited by
Nadia Barghouthi, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine
Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism
and
Assistant Program Director
West Virginia University Endocrinology Fellowship
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
Jessica Perini, MD, MS
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine
Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism
and
Interim Division Chief, Endocrinology Program Director
West Virginia University Endocrinology Fellowship
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Barghouthi, Nadia, editor. | Perini, Jessica, MD, editor.
Title: Endocrine diseases in pregnancy and the postpartum period / edited by Nadia Barghouthi,
Jessica Perini.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL; Abingdon, Oxon: CRC Press /Taylor & Francis Group, 2022. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “ἀ is book delivers comprehensive
explanations of normal hormonal physiology during pregnancy and descriptions of the hormonal
pathology associated with various endocrine disease states. Evaluation and management of endocrine
disorders including but not limited to diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, and various endocrine tumors
are included”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021049578 (print) | LCCN 2021049579 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367462178 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781032198354 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003027577 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Endocrine System Diseases—complications | Pregnancy Complications—physiopathology |
Postpartum Period
Classification: LCC RG811 (print) | LCC RG811 (ebook) | NLM WK 140 | DDC 618.7/4—dc23/eng/20211101
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021049578
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021049579
ISBN: 978-1-032-19835-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-46217-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-02757-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003027577
Typeset in Minion
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Dedication
To my heart, Luca, and my love, Brandon. To my father, mother, and sister who always inspire me.
Nadia Barghouthi
To my children, Alessandro, Rafael, and Natalia who are the lights of my life and to my husband, Ivan, who
provides constant love and support. And Kiki.
Jessica Perini
To all of our family, friends, and colleagues who continue to love, support, and motivate us.
Contents
Preface x
Acknowledgments xi
Editors xii
Contributors xiii
ChAPtEr 1 PhYSIOLOGY OF PrEGNANCY AND LACtAtION 1
1a Normal physiology of pregnancy 2
Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, and Jennifer Silk
1b Hormonal physiology of lactation 7
Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, and Jennifer Silk
ChAPtEr 2 DIABEtES MELLItUS 11
2a Overview of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy 12
Rohma Shamsi, Jessica Perini, and Nadia Barghouthi
2b Gestational diabetes 15
Jeremy Soule
2c Diabetic maternal and fetal complications 24
Rashi Sandooja and Jasmin Lebastchi
2d Diabetic emergencies: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 29
Sejal Doshi and Harikrashna Bhatt
ChAPtEr 3 thYrOID 35
3a Hypothyroidism 36
Nadia Barghouthi and Vladimer Bakhutashvili
3b Hyperthyroidism 41
Jessica Perini
3c Thyroid nodules 50
Jennifer Giordano
3d Thyroid cancer 55
Maria Javaid
3e Thyroid emergencies: Myxedema coma and thyroid storm 64
Dushyanthy Arasaratnam, Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, and Robert Weingold
vii
viii Contents
ChAPtEr 4 ADrENAL 71
4a Adrenal incidental adenomas 72
Jennifer S. Turner
4b Pheochromocytoma 74
Jennifer S. Turner
4c Primary hyperaldosteronism 78
Vivek Alaigh and Amanda Fernandes
4d Cushing’s syndrome 83
Ela Banerjee and Vicky Cheng
4e Adrenocortical carcinoma 89
Dushyanthy Arasaratnam, Nadia Barghouthi, and Vladimer Bakhutashvili
4f Adrenal insufficiency 94
Julia C.W. Lake
4g Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 101
Reshmitha Radhakrishnan and Tharani Rajeswaran
4h Adrenal emergencies: Adrenal crisis 104
Julia C.W. Lake
ChAPtEr 5 PItUItArY 109
5a Pituitary incidental adenomas 110
Jessica Perini
5b Acromegaly 114
Maitri Shelly Kalia-Reynolds
5c Growth hormone deficiency 119
Beatriz Francesca Ramirez
5d Hyperprolactinemia 123
Krystel Feghali and Gayatri Jaiswal
5e Nonfunctioning sellar masses 126
Oksana Symczyk
5f Pituitary infiltrative and inflammatory disorders 131
Oksana Symczyk
5g Diabetes insipidus 134
Adnan Haider
5h Hyponatremia in pregnancy 138
Anthony Parravani and Bethany Pellegrino
5i Pituitary emergencies: Sheehan’s syndrome and apoplexy 142
Jessica Perini, Nadia Barghouthi, and Gayatri Jaiswal
ChAPtEr 6 CALCIUM AND MEtABOLIC BONE DISOrDErS 147
6a Hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism 148
Shira B. Eytan
6b Osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency 152
Fiona J. Cook
Contents ix
ChAPtEr 7 SPECIAL CONSIDErAtIONS 159
7a Transgender health in pregnancy and the postpartum period 160
Jessica Perini
7b Endocrine tumors in pregnancy 163
Valerie B. Galvan Turner
7c Polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and obesity in pregnancy 170
Laura Davisson
Index 180
