Endocrine and reproductive physiology

352 Pages·2013·24.01 MB·English

by  edited by Bruce A. White, Susan P. Porterfield.

Endocrine
and Reproductive
Physiology
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JOHNSON: Gastrointestinal Physiology
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Endocrine
and Reproductive
Physiology
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F O U R T H E D I T I O N
Edited by
BRUCE A. WHITE, PhD
Professor
Department of Cell Biology
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, Connecticut
SUSAN P. PORTERFIELD, PhD
Professor of Physiology, Emeritus, and
Associate Dean for Curriculum, Emeritus,
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, Georgia
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY ISBN: 978-0-323-08704-9
Copyright # 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright # 2007, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Notices
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
White, Bruce Alan.
Endocrine and reproductive physiology / Bruce A. White, Susan P.
Porterfield. – 4th ed.
p. ; cm. – (Mosby physiology monograph series)
Rev. ed. of: Endocrine physiology / Susan P. Porterfield, Bruce A.
White. 3rd. ed. c2007.
Authors’ names reversed on previous edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-08704-9 (pbk.)
I. Porterfield, Susan P. II. Porterfield, Susan P. Endocrine
physiology. III. Title. IV. Series: Mosby physiology monograph series.
[DNLM: 1. Endocrine Glands–physiology. 2. Reproductive
Physiological Phenomena. WK 102]
612.4–dc23
2012033781
Senior Content Strategist: Elyse O’Grady
Content Development Manager: Marybeth Thiel
Publishing Services Manager: Gayle May
Production Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu
Senior Project Manager: Antony Prince
Design Direction: Steve Stave
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P R E FAC E
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th
This 4 edition, Endocrine and Reproductive Physiol- This edition has been reorganized in that the life
ogy, has been updated and, to some extent, reorga- history of the reproductive systems has been allocated
nized. The most substantive change is Chapter 3. In its own chapter. This brings together embryonic/fetal
fact, Chapter 3 grew to an untenable length for this development of the male and female reproductive sys-
monograph. Nevertheless, the worldwide type 2 diabe- tems, the changes that occur at puberty in boys and
tes epidemic emphasizes the need for comprehensive girls, and the decline of reproductive function with
understanding of the role of hormones in regulating age (especially in women).
energy metabolism. To retain background informa- I wish to thank my two colleagues at UConn Health
tion, we placed a significant amount of Chapter 3 ma- Center, Drs. John Harrison and Lisa Mehlmann, who
terial online in Student Consult. We think it provides wrote significant parts of Chapters 4 and 11, respec-
an adequate background for the student to understand tively. I also want to thank Rebecca Persky (UConn
the important points of hormonal regulation of energy School of Medicine, Class of 2014), who read several
metabolism. chapters and whose comments/suggestions led to sig-
th
Also in this 4 edition, Key Words and Concepts nificant improvement of those chapters.
has been moved to Student Consult, along with Ab- I also want to thank Elyse O’Grady and Barbara
breviations and Symbols, and Suggested Readings. Cicalese at Elsevier for their patience and assistance
th
The student is encouraged to define the key words, in developing the 4 Edition.
stating their importance, function, and interactive
molecules, using the text as reference when necessary. Bruce A. White
v
Intentionally left as blank
CON T EN TS
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C H A P T E R 1 C H A P T E R 3
INTRODUCTION TO THE ENERGY METABOLISM . . . . 43
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. . . . . . 1 Key Pathways Involved in Energy
Objectives 1 Metabolism 43.e1
Chemical Nature of Hormones 3 Objectives 43
Transport of Hormones in the Circulation 9 Overview of Energy Metabolism 43
Cellular Responses to Hormones 9 General Pathways Involved in Energy
Metabolism 45
Summary 23
Key Hormones Involved in Metabolic
Self-study Problems 25
Homeostasis 46
Keywords and Concepts 25.e1
Metabolic Homeostasis: The Integrated
Outcome of Hormonal and Substrate/
Product Regulation of Metabolic
C H A P T E R 2 Pathways 51
Liver 63
ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE
Skeletal Muscle 65
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. . 27
Adipose Tissue-Derived Hormones and
Objectives 27 Adipokines 66
Enteroendocrine Hormone Families and Their Appetite Control and Obesity 67
Receptors 29 Diabetes Mellitus 70
Gastrin and the Regulation of Gastric Summary 73
Function 30
Self-study Problems 75
Enteroendocrine Regulation of the Exocrine
Keywords and Concepts 75.e1
Pancreas and Gallbladder 35
Insulinotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal
Peptides (Incretin Action) 38
Enterotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal C H A P T E R 4
Hormones 39
Summary 41 CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE
Self-study Problems 42 HOMEOSTASIS. . . . . . . . 77
Keywords and Concepts 42.e1 Objectives 77
vii
viii CONTENTS
Calcium and Phosphorus are Important Summary 145
Dietary Elements that Play Many Crucial Self-study Problems 146
Roles in Cellular Physiology 77
Keywords and Concepts 146.e1
Physiologic Regulation of Calcium
and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone and
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 78
Small Intestine, Bone, and Kidney Determine
Ca2þ and Pi Levels 83 C H A P T E R 7
Pathologic Disorders of Calcium and
THE ADRENAL GLAND. . . . 147
Phosphate Balance 92
Summary 97 Objectives 147
Self-study Problems 98 Anatomy 147
Keywords and Concepts 98.e1 Adrenal Medulla 150
Adrenal Cortex 154
Zona Glomerulosa 166
Pathologic Conditions Involving the Adrenal
Cortex 172
C H A P T E R 5 Summary 175
HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY Self-study Problems 176
COMPLE.X . . . . . . . . . . 99 Keywords and Concepts 176.e1
Objectives 99
Embryology and Anatomy 99
Neurohypophysis 101
C H A P T E R 8
Adenohypophysis 108
Summary 127 LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALE AND
Self-study Problems 128 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
Keywords and Concepts 128.e1 SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . 177
Objectives 177
General Components of a Reproductive
System 177
Overview of Meiosis 178
C H A P T E R 6
Basic Anatomy of the Reproductive
THE THYROID GLAND. . . . 129 Systems 180
Objectives 129 Sexual Development in Utero 181
Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Puberty 187
Gland 129 Menopause and Andropause 190
Production of Thyroid Hormones 130 Summary 191
Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Self-study Problems 193
Hormones 135 Keywords and Concepts 193.e1
CONTENTS ix
C H A P T E R 9 C H A P T E R 11
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY,
SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 195 AND LACTATION . . . . . . 239
Objectives 195 Objectives 239
Histophysiology of the Testis 195 Fertilization, Early Embryogenesis,
Transport, Actions, and Metabolism of Implantation, and Placentation 239
Androgens 201 Placental Transport 255
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis The Fetal Endocrine System 255
Axis 205 Maternal Endocrine Changes During
Male Reproductive Tract 207 Pregnancy 255
Disorders Involving the Male Reproductive Maternal Physiologic Changes During
System 210 Pregnancy 257
Summary 212 Parturition 258
Self-study Problems 213 Mammogenesis and Lactation 259
Keywords and Concepts 213.e1 Contraception 261
In Vitro Fertilization 262
Summary 262
C H A P T E R 10 Self-study Problems 264
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE Keywords and Concepts 264.e1
SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 215
Objectives 215 APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO SELF-STUDY
Anatomy and Histology of the PROBLEMS. . . . . . . . . . . 265
Ovary 215
Growth, Development, and Function
of the Ovarian Follicle 217 APPENDIX B: COMPREHENSIVE
MULTIPLE-CHOICE EXAMINATION. . . 273
The Human Menstrual
Cycle 226
Female Reproductive Tract 228 APPENDIX C: HORMONE RANGES. . . 281
Biology of Estradiol and
Progesterone 234
Ovarian Pathophysiology 236 APPENDIX D: ABBREVIATIONS AND
SYMBOLS. . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Summary 237
Self-study Problems 238
Keywords and Concepts 238.e1 INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . 289