Encyclopedia of World History: Volume IV - Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900

554 Pages·2008·17.319 MB·English

by  Marsha E. Ackermann, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
Age of Revolution and Empire
1750 to 1900
VOLUME IV
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
Volume I
The Ancient World
Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e.
Volume II
The Expanding World
600 c.e. to 1450
Volume III
The First Global Age
1450 to 1750
Volume IV
Age of Revolution and Empire
1750 to 1900
Volume V
Crisis and Achievement
1900 to 1950
Volume VI
The Contemporary World
1950 to the Present
Volume VII
Primary Documents
Master Index
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
Age of Revolution and Empire
1750 to 1900
VOLUME IV
edited by
Marsha E. Ackermann
Michael J. Schroeder
Janice J. Terry
Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur
Mark F. Whitters
Encyclopedia of World History
Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo
Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters
Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E. Ackermann . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk. paper)
1. World history—Encyclopedias. I. Ackermann, Marsha E.
D21.E5775 2007
903—dc22
2007005158
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
Volume IV
CONTENTS
About the Editors vi
Foreword vii
Historical Atlas viii
List of Articles ix
List of Contributors xiii
Chronology xv
Major Themes xxv
Articles A to Z 1–456
Resource Guide 457
Index 461
About the Editors
Marsha E. Ackermann received a Ph.D. in American culture from the University of Michigan. She
is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning
and has taught U.S. history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State Uni-
versity, and Eastern Michigan University.
Michael J. Schroeder received a Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan and currently
teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican
Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history.
Janice J. Terry received a Ph.D. from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University. Her
latest book is U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest
Groups. She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global
History and World History.
Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of
Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University. She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks
The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History.
Mark F. Whitters received a Ph.D. in religion and history from The Catholic University of America
and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. His publications include The Epistle of Sec-
ond Baruch: A Study in Form and Message.
vi
Foreword
The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most impor-
tant events, themes, and personalities in world history. The encyclopedia covers the entire range
of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our
contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world
history. This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with con-
tent that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s
Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and
school districts.
This encyclopedia is one of the fi rst to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly
global perspective of the past. Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay
that covers fi ve themes common to all periods of world history. They discuss such important issues
as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions,
and social and class relationships. These major themes allow the reader to follow the development
of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place.
The encyclopedia was edited by a team of fi ve accomplished historians chosen because they are
specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as having taught world history in the
classroom. They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed
entries based on the latest scholarship. Additionally each article is cross-referenced with relevant
other ones in that volume. A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological ref-
erence to major events in the given era. In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geo-
graphic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material. Each article
also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English.
Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a
feature that is especially important for students. Each volume also includes its own index, while the
seventh volume contains a master index for the set.
Marsha E. Ackermann
Michael J. Schroeder
Janice J. Terry
Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur
Mark F. Whitters
Eastern Michigan University
vii
Historical Atlas
List of Maps
Cities and Economic Life in Europe, c. 1750 M97
The Seven Years’ War in Europe, 1756–1763 M98
Major Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775–1783 M99
European Colonies and Exports from the Americas M100
Revolutionary France, 1789–1794 M101
Explorations of the Pacifi c, 1768–1788 M102
Empires of Western Africa, c. 1800 M103
India, 1805 M104
The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 M105
Europe after Congress of Vienna, 1815 M106
Growth of Russia, 1801–1855 M107
Latin America, 19th Century M108
Ottoman, Arab, and European Presence in Africa, 1830 M109
European Revolutions, 1815–1849 M110
The Balkans after the Serb and Greek Revolutions, 1830 M111
American Indian Territorial Losses, 1850–1890 M112
Western Expansion of the United States, 1787–1912 M113
Industrialization in Europe, 1850 M114
Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1770–1870 M115
British North America, 1849 M116
Urbanization of Europe, 1850 M117
Japan at the Time of Commodore Perry, 1853 M118
Crimean War, 1853–1855 M119
Confl icts in the Qing Empire, 1839–1899 M120
Unifi cation of Italy, 1859–1870 M121
Major Battles of the American Civil War, 1861–1865 M122
Wars of German Unifi cation, 1864–1871 M123
Balkan Peninsula after the Treaty of Berlin, 1878 M124
European Colonialism in the Pacifi c, 19th Century M125
European Possessions in Africa and Arabia, 1895 M126
Growth of Russia, 1855–1904 M127
World Trade, 19th Century M128
viii
List of Articles
A Arab reformers and nationalists British Empire in southern Africa
abolition of slavery in the Americas art and architecture (1750–1900) British governors-general of
Acadian deportation Asian migration to Latin America India
Adams, John, and family Australia: exploration and British occupation of Egypt
Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- settlement Buganda, kingdom of
Afghan Wars, First and Second Australia: self-government to Burlingame, Anson, and Burlin-
Africa, exploration of federation game Treaty (1868)
Africa, imperialism and the Austro-Hungarian Empire Burmese Wars, First, Second, and
partition of Third
Africa, Portuguese colonies in B
Aigun and Beijing, Treaties of Balkan and East European C
Alaska purchase insurrections Canadian Confederation
Alexander I Banerji, Surendranath Canton system
Algeria under French rule Banks of the United States, Catherine the Great
Alien and Sedition Acts, U.S. First and Second caudillos and caudillismo
Aligarh College and movement baroque culture in Latin America Cavour, Camillo Benso di
American Revolution (1775–1783) Beecher family Central America: National War
American temperance movement Berlin, Congress of (1878) Ceylon: Dutch to British colony
Andean revolts Bismarck, Otto von Chakri dynasty and King Rama I
Anglo-Chinese Opium Wars Bolívar, Simón Chicago Fire (1871)
Anglo-French agreement on Bourbon restoration China, spheres of infl uence in
Siam (1897) Brahmo and Arya Samaj Chinese Exclusion Act
Anglo-Russian rivalry Brazil, independence to republic in Civil War, American (1861–1865)
Arabian Peninsula and British Brethren movements Cixi (Tz’u-hsi)
imperialism British East India Company coffee revolution
ix
x List of Articles
Colombia, War of the Thousand German unifi cation, wars of Khayr al-Din
Days in (1899–1902) German Zollverein Korea, late Yi dynasty
comuneros’ revolt Gilded Age
Congo Free State Gladstone, William L
Constitution, U.S. Gokhale, G. K. labor unions and labor movements
Cook, James Gong (K’ung), Prince in the United States
Crimean War Gordon, Charles La Pérouse, Jean-François de
Cuba, Ten Years’ War in Government of India Act (1858) Galaup, comte de
Cuban War of Independence Grant, Ulysses S. Latin America, Bourbon reforms in
Great Awakening, First and Latin America, economic and
D Second political liberalism in
Darwin, Charles Great Plains of North America Latin America, export economies in
Declaration of Independence, U.S. Greek War of Independence Latin America, independence in
Díaz, Porfi rio Guangxu (Kuang-hsu) Latin America, machismo and
diplomatic revolution, European marianismo in
Disraeli, Benjamin H Latin America, positivism in
Dost Mohammed Haitian Revolution Latin America, urbanism in
Douglass, Frederick Hamid, Abdul (Abdulhamid II) II League of Three Emperors
Dreyfus affair Hamilton, Alexander Leo XIII
Harris, Townsend, and Japan Leopold II
E Hart, Robert Lewis and Clark Expedition
Eastern Question Hawaii Liberian colonization
Eddy, Mary Baker (1821–1910), Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel Li Hongzhang (Li Hung-chang)
and the Christian Science Church Hohenzollern dynasty (late) Lincoln, Abraham
enlightened despotism in Europe Hong Xiuquan (Hung Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-Hsu)
Enlightenment, the Hsui-ch’uan) literature (1750–1900)
Ethiopia/Abyssinia Humboldt, Alexander von Lobanov-Yamagata Agreement
Hundred Days of Reform (1896)
F Louis XVI
Fashoda crisis I Louisiana Purchase
Fenian raids immigration, North America and
Ferdinand VII Indian Mutiny M
fi nancial panics in North Industrial Revolution Macartney mission to China
America Iqbal, Muhammad Macdonald, John Alexander
Finney, Charles Grandison Irish Famine (1846–1851) Madison, James
Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez Ismail, Khedive Malay states, Treaty of Federation
Franco-Prussian War and the Treaty Italian nationalism/unifi cation and the (1895)
of Frankfurt Iturbide, Agustín de Manifest Destiny
Franklin, Benjamin Maori wars
Franz Josef J Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great of Prussia Jackson, Andrew market revolution in the United
Freemasonry in North and Spanish Jefferson, Thomas States
America Jiaqing (Chia-ch’ing) Marshall, John
French Equatorial Africa Johnstown fl ood Martí, José
French Indochina Joseph II Marxism, Karl Marx (1818–1883),
French Revolution Juárez, Benito and Friedrich Engels
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1820–1895)
K Mazzini, Giuseppe
G Kader ibn Moheiddin al-Hosseini, Meiji Restoration, Constitution,
Garibaldi, Giuseppi Abdul and the Meiji era
gauchos Kang Youwei (K’ang Yu-wei) Metternich, Prince Clemens von