Encyclopedia of Transportation: Social Science and Policy

1998 Pages·2014·80.3 MB·English

by  Mark Garrett

Encyclopedia of
TRANSPORTATION

Encyclopedia of
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N
Social Science and Policy
Volume 1
Mark Garrett
EDITOR
University of California, Los Angeles
FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2014 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard Encyclopedia of transportation : social science and
55 City Road policy / Mark Garrett, editor, University of California, Los
London EC1Y 1SP Angeles.
United Kingdom volumes cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4522-6779-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1.
3 Church Street Transportation--Encyclopedias. 2. Transportation and
#10-04 Samsung Hub state--Encyclopedias. I. Garrett, Mark Evan, 1955-
Singapore 049483 HE141.E534 2014
388.03--dc23
2014004321
Executive Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson
Cover Designer: Edgar Abarca
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez
Reference Systems Coordinators: Laura Notton
Anna Villasenor
Reference Production Manager: Eric Garner
Marketing Manager: Carmel Schrire
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President and Editor: J. Geoffrey Golson
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Author Manager: Thomas Walzer
Production Director: Mary Jo Scibetta
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Copyeditors: Marie Griffin, Barbara Paris
Production Editor: TLK Editing Services
Proofreaders: Kathy Hix, Barbara Paris
Indexer: J S Editorial 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Volume 1
List of Articles vii
Reader’s Guide xv
About the Editor xxiii
List of Contributors xxv
Introduction xxxi
Chronology xxxvii
Articles
A 1 C 345
B 261 D 421
Volume 2
List of Articles vii
Articles
E 453 I 775
F 547 J 857
G 609 L 869
H 657 M 899
Volume 3
List of Articles vii
Articles
N 949 R 1113
O 1005 S 1195
P 1015 T 1305
Q 1109
Volume 4
List of Articles vii
Articles
T (cont.) 1443 W 1717
U 1657 Z 1739
V 1687
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 1743
Resource Guide 1751
Appendixes 1757
Index 1843
Photo Credits 1945

List of Articles
A Airline Deregulation Act of 1978
Access Roads Airline Fares
Accessibility and Mobility Airline Flight Reservation and
Accident Avoidance Systems. See Automobile Ticketing Systems
Accident Avoidance Systems Airline Flight Scheduling
Activity-Based Models Airline Industry
Adopt-a-Highway Program Airline Marketing
Advanced Traveler Information Systems Airline Passengers
Aerial Tramways Airline Pilots and Crews, Labor Issues of
Aeronautical Decision Making Airline Service Quality Modeling
Aeronautics Airplane Disasters
Air Cargo Carriers Airplane Navigation Systems
Air Passenger Carriers Airplane Pilot Licensing
Air Pollution, Automobiles Airplane Pilot Training
Air Pollution/Air Quality Airport Administration
Air Taxis Airport Gate Assignment Problems
Air Traffic Control Airport Hubs
Air Traffic Controller Training Airport Operations and Marketing
Air Traffic Flow Management Airport Parking and Ground Transportation
Air Travel Airport Passenger Terminals
Air Travel Regulations, History of Airport Planning
Aircraft, New Large Airport Security
Aircraft, Regional Jet Airport Transit Connections
Aircraft, Very Light Jet Airports, Environmental Issues and
Aircraft Design Alternative Automotive Fuels
Aircraft Engine Emissions Alternative Fuels
Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988
Aircraft Maintenance Training Programs American Association of State Highway and
Aircraft Manufacturing Transportation Officials
Aircraft Propulsion, New Technologies of American Public Transportation Association
vii
viii List of Articles
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Bicycles, Electric
Amtrak. See National Railroad Passenger Bicycle–Transit Linkages
Corporation/Amtrak Bicycling, Health and Recreational Aspects of
Automated Guideway Transit Bikeways/Bike Lanes, Road Design Issues of
Automated Landing Systems, Airplane Biodiesel
Automated Passenger Counters Biofuels
Automated Road-Pricing and Toll-Collection Bridge Design
Systems Bridge Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement
Automated Traffic Control Systems Bridges, Condition of
Automated Traffic Enforcement Bureau of Budget Circular A-95
Automated Transit Systems Bureau of Public Roads
Automated Vehicle Guidance Systems Bus Capacity
Automated Vehicle Location Systems Bus Design
Automated Vehicle Monitoring Systems Bus Design for Accessibility
Automatic Terminal Information Systems Bus Engines
Automobile Access Programs Bus Information Systems
Automobile Accident Avoidance Systems Bus Priority Lanes, Exclusive Right of Way
Automobile Accidents and Prevention Bus Rapid Transit, Design and Engineering of
Automobile Culture Bus Routes
Automobile Design Bus Scheduling
Automobile Driver Warning Systems Bus Stops/Shelters
Automobile Drivers, Disabled Bus Systems, Interurban
Automobile Drivers, Elderly Bus Systems, Local and Express
Automobile Emissions Controls Bus Systems, Rural
Automobile Engines Buses
Automobile Financing Business Travel
Automobile Industry, Economics of Busways and Reversible Bus Lanes
Automobile Insurance
Automobile Manufacturing and Sales C
Automobile Operating Costs Cable Cars
Automobile Safety Inspections and Registration Canals and Locks
Automobile Safety Systems Car Sharing
Automobile Tires, Nitrogen Inflation and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Automobile Travel Patterns Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Automobile Trips Carpool Programs, Ridesharing and
Automobiles, Passenger Carpooling
Aviation, Commercial/Business Carpooling, Casual
Aviation, Private Chicago Area Transportation Study
Aviation, Ultralight Civil Rights and Transportation
Aviation Safety, Dangerous Goods Clean Air Act and Amendments
Transport and Climate Change, Transportation Adaption to
Aviation Safety, Wildlife Strikes and Climate Change, Transportation Impacts From
Collector Streets
B Collision Avoidance Systems, Airplane
Benefit–Cost Analysis of Transportation Collision Avoidance Systems, Automobile
Bicycle Commuting Commuter Buses
Bicycle Facilities Commuter Paradox
Bicycle Safety Commuter Rail
Bicycle Sharing Commuter Rail Systems
Bicycles Commuting
List of Articles ix
Complete Streets Environmental Protection Agency
Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970
Program Equilibrium Modeling
Consolidated Rail Corporation E-Shopping
Construction Management Ethanol
Construction Management, Public Relations and Ethical Issues
Container Terminals Evacuation Planning
Containerization/Container Shipping Executive Order 12898
Cordon Travel
F
D Federal Aid Highway Program
Demand-Responsive Transit, Evaluation Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
Studies of Federal Automobile Safety Standards
Department of Transportation Act of 1966 Federal Aviation Administration
Deregulation Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization
Derived Demand Act of 2009
Destination Choice Models Federal Highway Act of 1921
Dial-a-Ride Federal Highway Administration
Diesel Engines Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
Diesel Fuel Vehicles Federal Railroad Administration
Disabled Driving and Vehicle Modifications Federal Transit Administration
Distracted Driving Federal Transportation Policy
Dredging Ferries
Driver Licensing Fiscal Politics
Driver Licensing, Commercial FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program
Driver Licensing Rates Freight Handling
Freight Rates/Tariffs
E Freight Terminals
Economic Development Freight Transport, Intermodal and Multimodal
Economics of Air Travel Freight Transport, Security Issues
Economics of On-Street Parking Freight Transport Models
Elderly and Disabled Travelers Full-Feedback Modeling
Elderly Driver Safety Issues Funicular Railways
Electric Diesel Locomotive
Electric Vehicle Recharging Stations G
Electric Vehicles Gasoline, Reformulated
Electronic Route Guidance Systems Gasoline Engines
Emergency Response Systems Geographic Information Systems in
Emergency Transportation Planning Transportation
and Operations Global Economic Centers
Emergency Vehicles Global Positioning Systems. See GPS;
Emerging Technologies GPS, Automobile
Emissions Modeling Globalization
Emissions Trading Schemes GPS
Employment Location GPS, Automobile
Energy Costs Gravity Models
Energy Policy Act of 1992 Green Fuels
Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 Green Transportation
Environmental Impacts Greenhouse Gases
Environmental Justice Greenways