Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores (Encyclopedias of the Natural World)

739 Pages·2007·39.51 MB·English

by  Mark W Denny

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
TIDEPOOLS AND ROCKY SHORES

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
TIDEPOOLS AND ROCKY SHORES
EDITED BY
MARK W. DENNY
Stanford University
STEVEN D. GAINES
University of California, Santa Barbara
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles London
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Encyclopedias of the Natural World, No. 
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
©  by the Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of tidepools and rocky shores / Mark W. Denny and Steven D.
Gaines, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN ---- (cloth: alk. paper)
. Tide pool ecology—Encyclopedias. . Tide pools—Encyclopedias.
. Seashore ecology—Encyclopedias. . Seashore—Encyclopedias. I. Denny,
Mark W., - II. Gaines, Steven D. (Steven Dean), -
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The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z.- (R ) (Permanence of Paper).
Cover photographs: At bottom: J. Rotman © CORBIS. In top row, from
left: tidepools at Point Piños, Pacifi c Grove, California, photograph by
Adam Schneider, http://adamschneider.net; mussel extending byssal threads,
photograph courtesy of Laura Coutts; Point Piños, photograph by Adam
Schneider; red and purple urchins, photograph courtesy Richard B. Emlet.
CONTENTS
Contents by Subject Area / xi Algal Turfs / 47 Biological Materials
Robert C. Carpenter See Materials, Biological
Contributors / xv
Amphipods, Isopods, and Other Bioluminescence / 87
Guide to the Encyclopedia / xxv
Small Crustaceans / 50 James G. Morin
Preface / xxvii Les Watling
Birds / 91
Anemones J. Timothy Wootton
See Sea Anemones
Bivalves / 95
Abalones / 1 Aquaria, Public / 53 Jonathan B. Geller
David R. Schiel Christopher Harrold; Martha L. Manson;
Blennies / 102
Christina J. Slager
Adhesion / 4 Isabelle M. Côté
Andrew Smith Arthropods, Overview / 56
Body Shape / 104
Nora B. Terwilliger
Air / 8 Steven Vogel
Robert Dudley
Boring Fungi / 107
Algae, Overview / 10 Katja Sterfl inger
Karina J. Nielsen Barnacles / 61
David P. Lohse; Peter T. Raimondi Boundary Layers / 108
Algae, Calcifi ed / 21 Luca A. van Duren
Robert S. Steneck; Patrick T. Martone Beach Morphology / 65
Gary Griggs Brachiopods / 112
Algal Biogeography / 24 Glenn Jaecks
James A. Coyer Benthic-Pelagic Coupling / 68
Jon D. Witman Brittle Stars / 113
Algal Blooms / 30 The Editors
Barbara B. Prézelin Biodiversity, Global Patterns
of / 71 Bryozoans / 114
Algal Color / 33 Miriam Fernández; Justin Holl; Michael Temkin
Celia M. Smith; Kevin S. Beach
Sara Kimberlin
Buoyancy / 118
Algal Crusts and Lichens / 37 Biodiversity, Maintenance of / 76 Paul Webb
Megan N. Dethier
Sergio A. Navarrete
Algal Economics / 41
Biodiversity, Signifi cance of / 81
Laurie A. McConnico
John J. Stachowicz Calcifi ed Algae
Algal Life Cycles / 45 See Algae, Calcifi ed
Biofi lms / 85
Carol S. Thornber
Richard C. Thompson
v
Camoufl age / 121 Diseases of Marine Animals / 179 Food Webs / 235
John J. Stachowicz Kevin D. Lafferty Benjamin S. Halpern
Cephalopods Dispersal / 181 Foraging Behavior / 239
See Octopuses Steven D. Gaines Gray A. Williams; Colin Little
Chemosensation / 123 Dispersal, Measurement of / 183 Fossil Tidepools / 242
Richard K. Zimmer Danielle C. Zacherl David R. Lindberg
Chitons / 127 Disturbance / 186
Douglas J. Eernisse Wayne P. Sousa
Genetic Variation and Population
Circulation / 133
Structure / 245
Iain McGaw
Stephen R. Palumbi
Climate Change, Overview / 137 Echinoderms, Overview / 194 Genetic Variation, Measurement
Raphael Sagarin Richard B. Emlet of / 249
Cnidaria, Overview / 140 Echiurans / 197 John Wares
Marymegan Daly David Julian Geology, Coastal
Coastal Currents Economics, Coastal / 197 See Coastal Geology
See Currents, Coastal Juan Carlos Castilla Gulls / 252
J. Timothy Wootton
Coastal Economics Ecosystem Changes, Natural vs.
See Economics, Coastal Anthropogenic / 201
Kaustuv Roy
Coastal Geology / 145
Gary Griggs Education and Outreach / 205 Habitat Alteration / 256
Steven N. Murray
Ali Whitmer
Cold Stress / 148
Habitat Restoration / 260
Caren E. Braby El Niño / 206
Richard F. Ambrose
Steven D. Gaines
Collection and Preservation of
Heat and Temperature,
Tidepool Organisms / 150 Entoprocts / 209 Patterns of / 263
Gary C. Williams Tohru Iseto
Kimberly R. Schneider; Brian Helmuth
Collections
Evaporation and Heat Stress / 266
See Museums and Collections Condensation / 210 George Somero
Competition / 153 Mark W. Denny
Herbivory / 270
Joseph H. Connell; Susan L. Swarbrick;
Excretion / 215 Patricia M. Halpin
Stephen C. Schroeter
Matthew E. S. Bracken
Hermit Crabs / 273
Condensation
Daniel Rittschof
See Evaporation and Condensation
Homing / 275
Copepods Facilitation / 218 Ross A. Coleman
See Amphipods, Isopods, and Other Mark D. Bertness
Small Crustaceans Hydrodynamic Forces / 277
Fertilization, Mechanics of / 220 Brian Gaylord
Corals / 159 Kristina Mead
Hydroids / 284
Peter W. Glynn
Fish / 223 Lea-Anne Henry
Crabs / 164 Michael H. Horn; Larry G. Allen Hydromedusae / 286
Jonathon Stillman
Flies / 227 Claudia E. Mills; Yayoi M. Hirano
Currents, Coastal / 168
Benjamin A. Foote
Libe Washburn
Fog / 228
Wendell A. Nuss Ice Scour / 289
Ladd E. Johnson
Desiccation Stress / 173 Food Uses, Ancestral / 230
Iguanas, Marine / 291
Michael A. Glassow
Steven C. Hand; Michael A. Menze
Rodrigo H. Bustamante; Luis R. Vinueza
Diffusion / 177 Food Uses, Modern / 231
George Jackson Kerry Sink; Jean M. Harris
vi CONTENTS
Internal Waves Materials: Strength / 360 Otters
See Waves, Internal Loretta Roberson See Sea Otters
Introduced Species / 294 Metamorphosis and Larval Oystercatchers / 418
James T. Carlton History / 366 Sarah E. A. Le V. dit Durell
Nicole Phillips
Invertebrates, Overview / 297
James M. Watanabe Microbes / 367
Isopods Patricia A. Holden; Allison M. Horst Parasitism / 421
See Amphipods, Isopods, and Other Micrometazoans / 369 Armand M. Kuris
Small Crustaceans Jörg Ott Parks
Molluscs, Overview / 374 See Marine Sanctuaries and Parks
David R. Lindberg Penguins / 423
Kelps / 315 Monitoring, Overview / 380 Rory P. Wilson
David R. Schiel
A. J. Underwood Phoronids / 424
Monitoring: Long-Term Studies / 382 Russel L. Zimmer
Steve Hawkins; Keith Hiscock; Patricia Photography, Intertidal / 425
Larval History Masterson; Pippa Moore; Alan Southward
Anne Wertheim Rosenfeld
See Metamorphosis and Larval History
Monitoring: Statistics / 385 Photosynthesis / 429
Larval Settlement, Mechanics A. J. Underwood
Richard C. Zimmerman
of / 321
Cheryl Ann Zimmer Monitoring: Techniques / 390 Phytoplankton / 435
Megan N. Dethier Mark A. Brzezinski
Lichens
See Algal Crusts and Lichens Multidecadal Variability Polyplacophores
See Variability, Multidecadal See Chitons
Light, Effects of / 325
Molly Cummings; Sönke Johnsen Museums and Collections / 393 Predation / 438
Rich Mooi Robert T. Paine
Limpets / 329
George M. Branch Mutualism / 395 Predator Avoidance / 440
John J. Stachowicz Geoffrey C. Trussell; Patrick J. Ewanchuk
Lobsters / 333
Carlos Robles Projectiles, Effects of / 443
Alan Shanks
Locomotion: Intertidal
Near-Shore Physical Processes,
Challenges / 335 Protists / 446
Effects of / 399
Marlene M. Martinez Gerard M. Capriulo; John J. Lee
Margaret Anne McManus; Anna
Pfeiffer-Hoyt Pycnogonids / 452
Bonnie A. Bain
Nudibranchs and Related
Management and Regulation / 339 Species / 401
John Ugoretz; Tony Warrington James Nybakken
Mantis Shrimps / 341 Nutrients / 404 Recruitment / 454
Roy L. Caldwell Francis Chan Steven D. Gaines
Marine Iguanas Red Tides
See Iguanas, Marine See Algal Blooms
Marine Reserves / 344 Ocean Waves / 408 Reproduction, Overview / 457
Steven D. Gaines Paul D. Komar John S. Pearse
Marine Sanctuaries and Parks / 348 Octocorals / 413 Rhizocephalans / 465
William J. Douros; Andrew P. DeVogelaere Catherine S. McFadden Mark E. Torchin; Jens T. Høeg
Marine Stations / 352 Octopuses / 415 Rhythms, Nontidal / 468
Kevin J. Eckelbarger Roland C. Anderson; F. G. Hochberg Karen L. Martin
Materials, Biological / 355 Oscillation, Multidecadal Rhythms, Tidal / 469
Douglas Fudge; John M. Gosline See Variability, Multidecadal Steven G. Morgan
CONTENTS vii
Ricketts, Steinbeck, and Intertidal Seawater / 514 Surveying / 564
Ecology / 473 Richard T. Barber Luke J. H. Hunt
Susan Shillinglaw; William Gilly
Seaweed Symbiosis / 568
Rock Types See Algae Jonathan B. Geller
See Tidepools, Formation and Rock Types
Settlement Symbolic and Cultural Uses / 573
Rogue Waves / 476 See Larval Settlement, Mechanics of Pieter Arend Folkens
D. H. Peregrine
Sex Allocation and Sexual
Rotifers / 478 Selection / 516
Willem H. De Smet Stephen M. Shuster
Teaching Resources
Shrimps / 521 See Education and Outreach
Raymond T. Bauer
Temperature Change / 578
Salinity, Measurement of / 480 Sipunculans / 524 Lauren Szathmary; Brian Helmuth
Steven S. Rumrill Edward B. Cutler; Anja Schulze
Temperature, Measurement of / 580
Salinity Stress / 482 Size and Scaling / 525 Jennifer Jost; Brian Helmuth
Stephen R. Wing; Rebecca J. McLeod H. Arthur Woods; Amy L. Moran
Temperature Patterns
Sand Cycle Snails / 530 See Heat and Temperature, Patterns of
See Beach Morphology Ron Etter
Territoriality / 583
Scaling Sponges / 537 José M. Rojas; F. Patricio Ojeda
See Size and Scaling Sally P. Leys; William C. Austin
Thermal Stress
Sculpins / 485 Starfi sh See Heat Stress
Catherine A. Pfi ster See Sea Stars
Tidepools, Formation and
Sea Anemones / 486 Stauromedusae / 541 Rock Types / 586
Vicki Buchsbaum Pearse Claudia E. Mills; Yayoi M. Hirano Gary Griggs
Sea Cucumbers / 491 Steinbeck Tides / 588
Ginny L. Eckert See Ricketts, Steinbeck, and Intertidal Mark W. Denny
Ecology
Seagrasses / 493 Tunicates / 595
Carol A. Blanchette Stone Borers / 543 Todd Newberry; Rick Grosberg
E. C. Haderlie
Sea Level Change, Effects on Turbulence / 600
Coastlines / 497 Storm Intensity and Wave Stephen Monismith
Michael Graham Height / 546
Hendrik L. Tolman
Seals and Sea Lions / 498
Daniel Costa Storms and Climate Change / 550
Patrick A. Harr Ultraviolet Stress / 604
Sea Otters / 503
J. Malcolm Shick
James A. Estes Stress
See Cold Stress, Desiccation Stress, Upwelling / 609
Sea Slugs
Heat Stress, Salinity Stress, John A. Barth
See Nudibranchs and Related Species
Ultraviolet Stress
Sea Spiders
Stromatolites / 553
See Pycnogonids
Pieter T. Visscher
Variability, Multidecadal / 614
Sea Squirts
Succession / 555 Francisco Chavez
See Tunicates
Steven N. Murray
Vertebrates, Terrestrial / 617
Sea Stars / 506 Surface Tension / 560 Thomas P. Peschak
Eric Sanford
Mark W. Denny
Vision / 619
Sea Urchins / 510 Surf-Zone Currents / 562 Todd H. Oakley
Thomas A. Ebert
Edward B. Thornton
viii CONTENTS
Wave Exposure / 630 Worms / 643
Water Mats Lindegarth Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
See Seawater
Wave Forces, Measurement
Water Chemistry / 621 of / 633
Patricia M. Schulte Michael L. Boller Zonation / 647
Christopher Harley
Water Properties, Measurement Waves, Internal / 637
of / 626 James J. Leichter
Glossary / 655
Brian A. Grantham
Wind / 639
Index / 687
Wendell A. Nuss
CONTENTS ix