Encyclopedia of the Solar System, Second Edition

987 Pages·2008·56.32 MB·English

by  Lucy-Ann McFadden (Editor)

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View From the Martian Rover Spirit: October 26, 2006
This was Spirit's view on its 1000th Martian-day (sol) of what was planned to be a 90-sol mission.
The robotic Spirit rover has stayed alive so long on Mars that it needed a place to wait out its
second cold and dim Martian winter. Earth scientists selected Low Ridge Hill, a place with sufficient
slant to give Spirit's solar panels enough sunlight to keep it powered and making scientific observations.
From its winter haven, Spirit photographed the above panorama, which has been digitally altered to exaggerate
colors. Spirit's track through the Martian hills can be seen at the center of the image. (Courtesy of NASA)
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Cover:ImagescourtesyofNASA/JPL-CaltechandPlanetArt
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Contents
CONTRIBUTORS ix CHAPTER 9
ABOUT THE EDITORS xiii Earth as a Planet: Atmosphere and Oceans
FOREWORD xv 169
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvii TimothyE.DowlingandAdamP.Showman
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xix
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 1 EarthasaPlanet:SurfaceandInterior 189
The Solar System and its Place in DavidC.PieriandAdamM.Dziewonski
the Galaxy 1
PaulR.Weissman CHAPTER 11
The Sun–Earth Connection 213
CHAPTER 2 JanetG.LuhmannandStanleyC.Solomon
The Origin of the Solar System 29
AlexN.HallidayandJohnE.Chambers CHAPTER 12
The Moon 227
CHAPTER 3 StuartRossTaylor
A History of Solar System Studies 53
DavidLeverington CHAPTER 13
Meteorites 251
CHAPTER 4 MichaelE.LipschutzandLudolfSchultz
The Sun 71
MarkusJ.Aschwanden CHAPTER 14
Near-Earth Objects 283
CHAPTER 5 LucyA.McFaddenandRichardP.Binzel
The Solar Wind 99
JohnT.Gosling CHAPTER 15
Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface
Interactions 301
CHAPTER 6
Mercury 117 DavidC.CatlingandConwayLeovy
RobertG.Strom
CHAPTER 16
Mars: Surface and Interior 315
CHAPTER 7
Venus: Atmosphere 139 MichaelH.Carr
DonaldM.Hunten
CHAPTER 17
Mars: Landing Site Geology, Mineralogy, and
CHAPTER 8
Venus: Surface and Interior 149 Geochemistry 331
SuzanneE.SmrekarandEllenR.Stofan MatthewP.GolombekandHarryY.McSween,Jr.
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EncyclopediaoftheSolarSystem2e(cid:2)C2007byAcademicPress.Allrightsofreproductioninanyformreserved.
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vi Contents
CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 32
Main-Belt Asteroids 349 Kuiper Belt: Dynamics 589
DanielT.Britt,GuyColsolmagno,andLarryLebofsky AlessandroMorbidelliandHaroldF.Levison
CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 33
Planetary Satellites 365 Kuiper Belt Objects: Physical Studies 605
BonnieJ.BurattiandPeterC.Thomas StephenC.Tegler
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 34
Atmospheres of the Giant Planets 383
Solar System Dust 621
RobertA.West
EberhardGru¨n
CHAPTER 21
Interiors of the Giant Planets 403 CHAPTER 35
X-Rays in the Solar System 637
MarkS.MarleyandJonathanJ.Fortney
AnilBhardwajandCareyM.Lisse
CHAPTER 22
Io: The Volcanic Moon 419 CHAPTER 36
The Solar System at Ultraviolet
RosalyM.C.Lopes
Wavelengths 659
CHAPTER 23
AmandaR.Hendrix,RobertM.Nelson,and
Europa 431
DeborahL.Domingue
LouiseM.ProckterandRobertT.Pappalardo
CHAPTER 37
CHAPTER 24
Infrared Views of the Solar System from
Ganymede and Callisto 449
Space 681
GeoffreyCollinsandTorrenceV.Johnson
MarkV.Sykes
CHAPTER 25
Titan 467 CHAPTER 38
The Solar System at Radio Wavelengths 695
AthenaCoustenis
ImkedePaterandWilliamS.Kurth
CHAPTER 26
Triton 483 CHAPTER 39
WilliamB.McKinnonandRandolphL.Kirk New Generation Ground-Based Optical/
Infrared Telescopes 719
CHAPTER 27 AlanT.TokunagaandRobertJedicke
Planetary Rings 503
CarolynC.PorcoandDouglasP.Hamilton
CHAPTER 40
Planetary Radar 735
CHAPTER 28
StevenJ.Ostro
Planetary Magnetospheres 519
MargaretGallandKivelsonandFranBagenal
CHAPTER 41
Remote Chemical Sensing Using Nuclear
CHAPTER 29
Spectroscopy 765
Pluto 541
ThomasH.Prettyman
S.AlanStern
CHAPTER 30 CHAPTER 42
Physics and Chemistry of Comets 557 Solar System Dynamics: Regular and Chaotic
Motion 787
JohnC.Brandt
JackJ.LissauerandCarlD.Murray
CHAPTER 31
Comet Populations and Cometary CHAPTER 43
Dynamics 575 Planetary Impacts 813
HaroldF.LevisonandLukeDones RichardA.F.Grieve,MarkJ.Cintalaand,RoaldTagle
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CHAPTER 44 CHAPTER 47
Planetary Volcanism 829 Extrasolar Planets 887
LionelWilson MichaelEndlandWilliamD.Cochran
APPENDIX 903
CHAPTER 45
Astrobiology 849
GLOSSARY 919
ChristopherP.McKayandWandaL.Davis
INDEX 939
CHAPTER 46
Planetary Exploration Missions 869
JamesD.Burke
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Contributors
MarkusJ.Aschwanden JamesD.Burke
TheSun PlanetaryExplorationMissions
Lockheed-MartinATC,SolarandAstrophysicsLaboratory JetPropulsionLaboratory
PaloAlto,California CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology
Pasadena,California
FranBagenal
PlanetaryMagnetospheres MichaelH.Carr
UniversityofColorado Mars:SurfaceandInterior
Boulder,Colorado U.S.GeologicalSurvey
MenloPark,California
AnilBhardwaj
X-RaysintheSolarSystem DavidC.Catling
SpacePhysicsLaboratory MarsAtmosphere:HistoryandSurfaceInteraction
VikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre UniversityofWashington
Trivandrum,India Seattle,Washington
JohnE.Chambers
RichardP.Binzel
TheOriginoftheSolarSystem
Near-EarthObjects
CarnegieInstitutionofWashington
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
Washington,D.C.
Cambridge,Massachusetts
MarkJ.Cintala
JohnBrandt
PlanetaryImpacts
PhysicsandChemistryofComets
NASAJohnsonSpaceCenter
InstituteforAstrophysics,DepartmentofPhysics
Houston,Texas
andAstronomy
WilliamD.Cochran
UniversityofNewMexico
Extra-SolarPlanets
Albuquerque,NewMexico
DepartmentofAstronomy,McDonaldObservatory
DanielT.Britt UniversityofTexas
Main-BeltAsteroids Austin,Austin,Texas
DepartmentofPhysics
GeoffreyCollins
UniversityofCentralFlorida
GanymedeandCallisto
Orlando,Florida
WheatonCollege
Norton,Massachusetts
BonnieJ.Buratti
PlanetarySatellites AthenaCoustenis
JetPropulsionLaboratory Titan
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology ObservatoiredeParis-Meudon
Pasadena,California Meudon,France
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EncyclopediaoftheSolarSystem2e(cid:2)C2007byAcademicPress.Allrightsofreproductioninanyformreserved.