Encyclopedia of The Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (Facts on File Library of World History)

841 Pages·2009·29.34 MB·English

by  Jamie Stokes

Encyclopedia of the
PeoPles of AfRICA AND THe MIDDle eAsT
NO

Jamie Stokes, Editor
Anthony Gorman and Andrew Newman,
Historical Consultants
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
Copyright © 2009 Infobase Publishing, Inc.
Copyright © 2000 Diagram Visual Information Limited
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East /
Jamie Stokes, editor; Anthony Gorman and Andrew Newman,
historical consultants.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0 (e-book)
1. Ethnology—Africa—Encyclopedias. 2. Ethnology—Middle
East—Encyclopedias. 3. Africa—Social life and customs—Encyclopedias.
4. Middle East—Social life and customs—Encyclopedias. I. Stokes, Jamie.
GN645.E53 2008
305.800956—dc22 2008041256
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities
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Text design by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn
Illustrations by Michal Novak with additional illustrations by
Chris Allcott, Darren Bennett, Bob Garwood, Elsa Godfrey,
Brian Hewson, Pavel Kostal, Kyri Kyriacou, Janos Marffy, Kathy McDougall,
Patrick Mulrey, Rob Shone, Graham Rosewarne, Peter Ross
Cover design by Salvatore Luongo
Printed in the United States of America
VB JS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains
30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
CoNTeNTs
7
List of Entries iv
List of Illustrations and Maps viii
Preface xii
How to Use This Set xiv
Acknowledgments and Contributors xvi
Entries A to Z 1
Appendix I: List of Individuals Featured in Biographical Sidebars 763
Appendix II: The Geography of Africa 764
Appendix III: The Geography of the Middle East 768
Appendix IV: The Earliest Humans 770
Appendix V: Chronology of African and Middle Eastern Prehistory and History 776
Appendix VI: Glossary of Cultural Terms 799
Bibliography 821
lIsT of eNTRIes
7
Ababda Amarar Azeris Barma
Abadja Amba Babylonians Basese
Abam Americo-Liberians Bactrians Basotho: nationality
Abarue Amhara Badiu Bassa
Abbe Amorites Bafia Bassi
Abgal Anakaza Bafou Baulé
Abidji Anang Baggara Baya
Abkhazians Angolans: nationality Bagirmi Bedouin
Abora Anglophones of Baham Beja
Abu Sharib Cameroon Bahrainis: nationality Bemba
Achaemenids Anizah Baka Bemdzabuko
Acholi Ankwe Bakele Beng
Adjukru Anlo Bakhtiari Beni Amer
Afar Anniya Bakota Beninese: nationality
Afrikaners Antaifasy Bakoukouya Berbers
Afshar Antaimoro Balanta Beri
Aka Antaisaka Bale Berta
Akan Antambahoaka Balochs Berti
Akebou Antandroy Bambara Bete
Akie Antankarana Bamileke Betsileo
Akkadians Antanosy Bamum Betsimisiraka
Akoko Anuak Banda Bezanozano
Akpafu Anyi Bandi Biafada
Akunakuna Apindji Bandia Bidanis
Akwa Aq-qoyunlu Bani Harith Bideyat
Akwamu Arabs Bani Hilal Bidoons
Akwapim Aramaeans Bani Kaab Bini
Akyem Argobba Bani Khalid Birifor
Alaba Arma Bani Lam Bisharin
Alagoa Armenians Bani Nadir Bithynians
Al Ajman Aro Bani Najjar Bobo
Alataway Arusha Bani Nawfal Boers
Alawis Arusi Bani Qaynuqa Bokora
Al Bu Muhammad Asante Bani Qurayza Bondei
Al Bu Said Asians of Africa Bani Saad Bongo
Aleta Assassins Bani Sakhr Borana
Al Falasi Assin Bani Tamim Botswanans: nationality
Algerians: nationality Assyrians Bani Yas Brahui
Al Khalifa Athi Banjoun British
Ali Attie Bansoa Brong
Alladian Attuot Bantu Bubis
Al Murrah Avikam Banu Asad Buduma
Al Sabah Awi Bapounou Burkinabe: nationality
Al Shihab Aws Bara Burundians: nationality
Al Thani Aymaq Barabaig Buyids
Alur Azande Bararetta Cameroonians: nationality
Amalekites Azd Bariba Canaanites
iv
List of Entries 
Cape Colored and Cape Egyptians: nationality Guineans: nationality Itu
Malays Ejagham Gula Ivoirians: nationality
Cape Verdeans: nationality Eket Gulay Jaaliyin
Cappadocians Elamites Gule Jabarti
Carians Emafikamuva Guro Jahanka
Caucasians Emakhandzambili Gusii Jews
Central Africans: nationality Embu Habbania Jibana
Chadians: nationality Emirates: nationality Habiru Jie
Chagatai Endo Hadendowa Jordanians: nationality
Chagga Ennedi Hadza Juhayna
Chai Equatorial Guineans: Hamshenis Kaba
Chaldeans nationality Harari Kabards
Chewa Eritreans: nationality Harb Kabre
Chokossi Esangui Hashemites Kaguru
Chokwe Ethiopians: nationality Hattians Kaje
Chonyi Ewe Hausa Kakwa
Cilicians Falasha Hawiye Kalanga
Circassians Fali Haya Kalenjin
Comorians: nationality Fang Hazaras Kamadja
Congolese (Democratic Fante Hehe Kambari
Republic of the Congo): Fernandinos Herero Kambe
nationality Fipa Hittites Kami
Congolese (Republic of the Fon Hlubi Kanembu
Congo): nationality Foto Hottentots Kanuri
Copts Fra-Fra Howeitat Kaonde
Creoles French Humr Kaplelach
Cushites Fulani Hurrians Karachay
Daghestanis Fumu Hurutshe Karamojong
Dagomba Funj Hutiam Kassites
Daju Fur Hutu and Tutsi Katab
Dan Furiiru Huwayla Kauma
Darod Gabonese: nationality Iambi Keiyo
Daza Galatians Ibeno Kenyans: nationality
Dazaga Galoa Ibibio Kgafela-Kgatla
De Gambians: nationality Ibolo Kgalagadi
Dendi Gamu Idoma Kgatla
Denkyira Ganda Ife Khafaja
Dida Garati Igala Khamseh
Digil Garo Igbo Khasonka
Digiri Gbagyi Ijebu Khazars
Digo Gbari Ila Khazraj
Dindje Gcaleka Ilkhans Khoikhoi
Dinka Georgians Ilois of Diego Garcia Khoisan
Dir Germans Imazighen Khurutshe
Djiboutians: nationality Ghanaians: nationality Indian South Africans Khwarzamians
Dodoth Ghilzai Indo-Europeans Kikuyu
Dogon Gilaki Ingush Kilanga
Dorobo Gimr Iqbailiyen Kipchornwonek
Druze Giriama Iramba Kipsigis
Dulaym Gobirwa Iranians: nationality Kirdi
Duruma Gofa Iraqis: nationality Kissi
Duwasir Gogo Iraqw Kitutu
Dyula Gova Irifiyen Kola
East African Asians Grebo Irigwe Kololo
Ebira Greeks Ismailis Komono
Eblaites Griqua Israelis: nationality Kongo
Ebrié Grusi Issa Konkomba
Edo Guere Issaq Kono
Efik Guinea-Bissauans: Italians Konso
Egyptians nationality Iteso Koranko
i Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
Korekore Lycians Mbaka-Mandija Ngambay
Kotoko Lydians Mbala Ngichoro
Kpelle Ma Mbay Ngimonia
Kran Padebu Maale Mbeere Ngizm
Kru Maasai Mbochi Ngonde
Kuba Maba Mbole Ngoni
Kuhgalu Maban Mbugwe Ngqika
Kulango Macedonians Mbun Nguni
Kung Macha Mbundu Nguru
Kurds Machinga Mbunga Nigerians: nationality
Kuri Madagascan Peoples Mbuti, Twa, and Mbenga Nigeriens
Kuria Madi Medes Nikki
Kushans Madjigodjia Meidob Nilotes
Kusu Madjingaye Mende Nogais
Kutu Maganga Merina Nono
Kuwaitis: nationality Mahafaly Meru North Mugirango
Kwena Mahi Messiriya Nsenga
Kwere Maibuloa Metoko Ntomba
Kwi Maji Mfengu Ntumu
Labwor Majoge Mijikenda Nuba
Lagoon cluster Makonde Mikhifore Nubians
Laks Makua-Lomwe Mileri Nuer
Lala Malagasy: nationality Mima Nupe
Lali Malawians Mimi Nuristanis
Lamba Malians Mina Nyakyusa
Lango Maligo Minianka Nyamwezi
Laz Mamprusi Mirifab Nyankore
Lebanese: nationality Mamvu Mobeur Nyaribari
Lebu Manala Mole-Dagbane Nyoro
Lega Manasir Mongo Nzima
Lehabites Mandé Mongols Oghuz
Lele Mandija Moor Ogoni
Lengola Manding Moroccans: nationality Okak
Lete Manga Mossi Okiek
Lezgins Mangbetu Mouroum Omanis: nationality
Lia Mangutu Mozambicans Omotic
Liberians: nationality Manhica Mpondo Omotik
Libyans: nationality Manicheans Mpongwe Oring
Lima Manigiri Mumuye Oromo
Limba Manja Muntafiq Oron
Lisi Manjaco Murle Ossetians
Lobedu Mannaens Mutayr Otman
Lobi Mao Mwere Ottomans
Lokko Marakwet Mysians Ouagadougou
Loma Marari Nabataeans Ouassoulounke
Lomwe Maravi Nagot Ouatchi
Loumbou Maronites Nama Ovahimba
Lozi Marsh Arabs Namchi Ovambo
Luba Marya Namibians: nationality Ovimbundu
Lugbara Masalit Namnam Oyo
Luguru Massa Nandi Padhola
Lullubi Matakam Nanerge Palestinians
Lunda Matheniko Nar Paphlagonians
Luo Matumbi Ndau Pare
Lurs Mavia Ndebele Parsis
Luwians Mauritanians: nationality Ndembu Parthians
Luyana Mauritians Ndundza Pashtuns
Luyia Mayombe Ndwande Pedi
Lwena Mazandarani Nestorians Pende
Lwo Mbaka Ngama Persians
List of Entries ii
Phoenicians Sar Susu Twi
Phrygians Sara Swahili Uduk
Pian Saracens Swazi Ugandans:
Pogoro Sasala Syrians nationality
Pokomo Sassanians Taita Unga
Pokot Saud Tajiks Upila
Pombo Saudi Arabians: Takadi Urartians
Pontians nationality Talensi Urhobo
Portuguese Sea Peoples Talysh Uzbeks
Psidians Sebei Tama Vai
Pygmies Sefwi Tambo Venda
Qajars Seleka Tanala Vhalemba
Qara-khanids Seljuks Tanzanians: nationality Vhangona
Qara-qoyunlu Semites Taqali Vhasenzi
Qashqai Sena Tayy Vhatavhatsindi
Qataris: nationality Senegalese Tebu Vidunda
Qays Senufo Teda Vili
Qimant Serer Teke Vute
Qizilbash Seychellois: nationality Tekna Waja
Quraysh Shambaa Temba Wajunga
Rabai Shambala Temne Wala
Rabiah Shammar Tera Walega
Randili Shangawa Terik Wanjare
Rangi Sherbro Tetela Wara-Wara
Rapulana Shikongo Thembu Wassa
Rashid Shilluk Thlaping Watyi
Ratlou Shirazi Thunayyan Welamo
Reigzegat Shona Tigre Widekum
Rendille Shope Tikar Wodaabe
Reshawa Sia Tirma Wollo
Ribe Sidonians Tiv Wolof
Rolong Sierra Leoneans: Tjekker Xesibe
Roma nationality Togolese: nationality Xhosa
Romans Sihanaka Toka Yakurr
Ronga Siku Tonga Yalunka
Rongo Sinyar Toposa Yamarico
Rozvi Sisi Toro Yao
Rufiji Soga Trojans Yarse
Rukuba Sogdians Tshidi Yatenga
Ruwallah Solongo Tsimihety Yazidis
Rwandans: nationality Somalis: nationality Tsonga Yemenis: nationality
Sabaeans Somba Tswana Yergan
Sabaot Songhay Tuareg Yombe
Sadama Songye Tugen Yoruba
Safwa Soninke Tukolor Zaghawa
Sagara Sotho Tulama Zambians: nationality
Saharawis Sotho-Tswana complex Tumbuka Zaramo
Saho South Africans: Tunisians Zaydis
Sakalava nationality Tunjur Zerma
Sakas South Mugirango Tupur Zemarites
Sakon Sudanese: nationality Turka Zezuru
Samburu Sudanis Turkana Zigalu
Samo Sudayr Turkic Peoples Zimbabweans:
San Suku Turks nationality
Sandawe Sukuma Turo Zombo
Sango Sumerians Turu Zulu
São Tomeans: nationality Suri Twelvers
lIsT of IllusTRATIoNs,
AND MAPs
7
ILLUSTRATIONS A Chokwe ceremonial mask. ........................ 149
The tomb of Cyrus the Great (r. 559–529 b.c.e.) ......... 3 19th-century Circassians wearing traditional dress. ..... 157
Algerian troops during World War I .................. 20 A Hemba sculpture ................................ 163
Amhara traders preparing salt for sale ................. 24 A seventh- or eighth-century Coptic panel. ........... 170
An Anyi sculpture .................................. 31 19th-century Daghestanis wearing traditional dress. .... 173
The interior of the Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain .... 33 A traditional Dinka dry-season home. ................ 174
The Grand Mosque in Damascus, Syria. ............... 38 A traditional Dinka clay pot. ........................ 176
An example of decorative Islamic calligraphy. .......... 40 A Dogon ceremonial mask. ......................... 180
An Egyptian oud ................................... 42 A typical Dogon village. ............................ 181
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem .................. 45 A Dogon sculpture ................................ 182
The mausoleum of the caliph al-Muntasir (r. 861–862). .. 48 A Hindu temple in Mombasa. ....................... 187
An Assyrian winged-bull figure. ...................... 71 An Edo drinking vessel. ............................ 188
An Azande sculpture. ............................... 77 The body of Ramesses III (r. 1186–1155 b.c.e.). ........ 194
Sattar Khan (1868–1914). ........................... 80 Stone lintels and pillars at the Luxor Temple complex. .. 197
The Ziggurat of Ur in the 21st century b.c.e. ........... 86 Inscriptions on the Merneptah Stele. ................. 198
A Bambara musician. ............................... 94 The Mausoleum of Sultan Qaitbay in Cairo, Egypt. ..... 202
A wooden sculpture created by a Bambara artist. ....... 96 Tablet depicting the destruction of the city of Susa. ..... 206
A Bamileke sculpture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 An Elamite vessel (ca. 3000 b.c.e.). .................. 207
A Bedouin woman. ................................ 106 The Burj Dubai. .................................. 209
A 19th-century Beja warrior. ........................ 107 The Shida Monument in Asmara, Eritrea. ............. 213
A 16th-century bronze head from Benin. ............. 111 The Church of Saint George in Lalibela, Ethiopia. ...... 220
A Beninese sculpture. .............................. 112 A Falasha woman constructing a clay pot. ............ 224
A Berber woman. ................................. 113 A Fang sculpture. ................................. 226
A traditional Betsimisiraka house. ................... 121 A Fon bronze sculpture of a farmer. .................. 229
The National Assembly building in Botswana. ......... 124 A Fulani woman wearing hair and ear decoration. ..... 230
A traditional Burkinese mosque. .................... 128 Fulani cattle. ..................................... 233
A Bangwa sculpture of a mother and child. ........... 134 A modern Ghilzai man ............................ 248
viii
List of Illustrations and Maps ix
Detail of the Alexander Sarcophagus. ................ 252 A Masai woman wearing traditional beaded jewelry. .... 428
A coin featuring Ptolemy I Soter (ca. 367–283 b.c.e.). .. 256 A traditional Malagasy sculpture. .................... 431
Ruins of Greek stoa (covered walkways) at Smyrna. .... 258 The Great Mosque in Niono, Mali. ................... 441
A 15th-century Sapi stone sculpture. ................. 272 A 15th-century sculpture from central Mali. .......... 442
A traditional Guro mask ........................... 274 A Manding sword and sheath.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
King Faysal of Iraq (1883–1933). .................... 279 A Mende woman with an elaborate hairstyle. .......... 458
A decorated Hausa house. .......................... 283 The traditional script used to write the Mende language. 460
A reconstruction of the fortifications surrounding the An Ndengese sculpture. ............................ 463
Hittite city of Hattusa. ........................... 296
Kublai Khan (1215–1294). .......................... 465
An aristocratic Tustsi woman. ....................... 299
The gravestone of a king of the Marinid Dynasty
Igbo ceremonial dancers. ........................... 302 of Morocco ..................................... 472
A bronze Igbo bowl. ............................... 303 The Kutubiya Mosque in Marrakech, Morocco ........ 473
Iranian women taking part in demonstrations. ........ 311 A Mossi woman with a decorative hairstyle. ........... 477
An 19th-century Iranian woman wearing a chador. ..... 314 A Mozambican woman. ............................ 479
Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (1902–1989). ............. 315 An Ndebele woman wearing beaded hoops. ........... 487
A modern Iranian woman wearing a chador. .......... 316 An Ndebele house decorated with geometric designs. ... 489
A group of Iraqi village elders (mokhtars). ............ 317 A head produced by an artist of the Nok culture.. . . . . . . 491
The Martyrs’ Monument in Baghdad, Iraq. ............ 318 A 15th-century Owo sculpture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
The minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq. ..... 321 A fourth-century human figure from Nigeria. ......... 494
Detail of the Arch of Titus. ......................... 342 A Muslim Nigerian man. ........................... 495
The Hurva Synagogue. ............................. 347 Salt pits near the oasis town of Bilma in Niger. ........ 498
A Jewish man wearing a tefillin. ..................... 350 A Nubian bowl featuring dramatic geometric patterning. 502
A Jewish man at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. ....... 352 A statue of a Nubian king from the eighth century b.c.e. 502
King Husayn of Jordan (1935–1999). ................. 354 A traditional Nyamwezi house. ...................... 506
A young male Karamojong. ......................... 363 An Ogoni mask in the form of a bush pig. ............ 510
Ariaal pastoral nomads. ............................ 365 The Riyam Dome in the city of Muscat, Oman. ........ 513
Khoisan rock art figures. ........................... 371 An Oromo woman using a goatskin to carry water. ..... 516
A Kuba mask. .................................... 378 The tomb of an Oromo holy man. ................... 518
A modern statue of Saladin in Damascus, Syria. ....... 387 Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. .................... 527
The citadel of the city of Erbil, Iraq. .................. 389 Detail of a fifth-century b.c.e. Persian relief. .......... 559
A Kurdish village in northern Iraq. .................. 395 A relief of King Darius I. ........................... 560
The Kuwait Towers. ............................... 397 The Aspire Tower in Doha, Qatar. ................... 581
A Lega ceremonial mask. ........................... 406 The facade of the Celsus Library in Epesus, Turkey ..... 589
The Temple of Zeus, Cyrene, Libya. .................. 412 An armed Rwandan woman. ........................ 594
A Lobi sculpture. .................................. 415 A painted plaster figure from 12th-century c.e. Iran. ... 618
A Luba sculpture of a woman. ....................... 418 The 11th-century Kharraqan towers. ................. 619
A modern Luba chief holding his staff of office. ....... 419 Senegalese troops during World War I. ............... 625
A Masai man with braided hair and traditional jewelry. . 428 The palace of the Shilluk king. ...................... 631