Table Of ContentEditors
MichaelJ.Aminoff
School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
Robert B. Daroff
University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
Associate
Editors
BruceO. Berg Hiroshi Mitsumoto
UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco ColumbiaPresbyterianMedicalCenter
NewYork,NY
Sudhansu Chokroverty
MarkJ.Morrow
St.Vincent’sHospitalandMedicalCenter
NewYork,NY HattiesburgClinic,Hattiesburg,Mississippi
LisaM.DeAngelis WilliamJ.Powers
MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine
NewYork,NY St.Louis,Missouri
ColinP.Derdeyn Stefan M.Pulst
WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine CedarsSinaiMedicalCenter
St.Louis,Missouri LosAngeles,California
JeromeEngel,Jr. RichardRansohoff
ReedNeurologicalResearchCenter ClevelandClinicFoundation
LosAngeles,California
JamesL.Roberts
Christopher G. Goetz UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter
Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke’sMedical SanAntonio,Texas
Center,Chicago,Illinois KarenL.Roos
David A.Greenberg IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine
BuckInstituteforAgeResearch Indianapolis,Indiana
Novato,California Marylou V. Solbrig
DarylGress UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine
UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco RobertF.Spetzler
NathanielKatz BarrowNeurosurgicalAssociates,Ltd.
Phoenix,Arizona
PainManagementCenter,BrighamandWomen’s
Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts LowellTong
UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco
JohnF. Kurtzke
GeorgetownUniversity(emeritus)and KennethL.Tyler
VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter UniversityofColoradoHealthSciencesCenter
Washington,DC Denver,Colorado
JosephC. Masdeu K.Michael Welch
UniversityofNavarreMedicalSchool FinchUniversityofHealthSciences
Navarre,Spain ChicagoMedicalSchool,Chicago,Illinois
BruceL.Miller G. BryanYoung
UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco VictoriaHospital,London,Ontario
Preface
DURING the past 25 years, remarkable advances detailed background knowledge in the subject
have occurred in the clinical sciences of neurology, matter. The entries are not intended for those
neurosurgery, and psychiatry, as well as the many working directly in the field under consideration,
different branches of the clinical and basic neuro- butratherforindividualsfromotherdisciplineswho
sciences that impact on these fields. Because of the wish to gain an understanding of the subjects.
pace of these advances, those not engaged in a Studentsandthelaypublicshouldbenefitmostfrom
particular discipline have difficulty keeping abreast entries providing general overviews of particular
withthe field, and those whoare not involved inthe topics, and might skip the more technical entries.
neurosciences are faced with a daunting task when Cross references assist the reader to follow a theme
attemptingtoseekinformationonaparticulartopic. from a simple to a more advanced level, and from a
These difficulties created the need that prompted us general to a focused outlook, or the reverse.
to develop this four-volume Encyclopedia of the The entries are intended to provide relatively
Neurological Sciences. succinct accounts. We have not included exhaustive
The encyclopedia is an alphabetically organized referencing but, rather, have placed suggestions for
compendium of more than 1,000 entries that relate further reading at the end of each entry. There is
to different aspects of the neurosciences. It is someinevitableoverlapbetweenentriesand,insome
comprehensive in scope, with entries related to instances,thesametopicisdiscussedinseveral.This
clinical neurology, neurosurgery, neuroanatomy, overlap was deliberate, as we intended to provide
neurobiology, neuroepidemiology, neuroendocrinol- coherent accounts of topics without forcing the
ogy, neurogenetics, neuroimaging, neurotoxicology, reader to go from one entry to another, as if
neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology, pediatric traversing an obstacle course, to obtain the desired
neurology, neurooncology, neuropathology, develop- information. In some instances, particularly with
mental neurology, behavioral neurology, neuro- areas of controversy, we included two entries on the
physiology, applied electrophysiology, neuro- same topic, reflecting conflicting viewpoints, and
ophthalmology, neurotology, pain, psychiatry, hope that this will stimulate readers to pursue the
psychopharmacology, rehabilitation, critical care topic further.
medicine, and the history of the neurosciences. We Weareindebtedtothemanypeoplewhohelpedin
designed most entries to be understandable without thecreationofthisencyclopedia.Theassociateeditors
vii
viii PREFACE
(listedonpageii)guidedtheselectionofcontributors necessary deadlines were met, but did so with grace
and reviewed the individual entries in their subject and charm. The production of this encyclopedia
area. The contributors, all acknowledged experts in involved many other people at Academic Press,
their fields, prepared the entries. We reviewed all of including Christopher Morris, with his particular
theseentries,makingsuggestionsforimprovementin expertiseintheproductionofmajorreferenceworks.
content, style, and clarity, and are grateful to the Oursecretariesprovidedinvaluableassistance.InSan
contributors and associate editors for working with Francisco,thearrivalelectronicallyofeachnewbatch
usinachievingthefinalproductthatweintended.Dr. of entries brought the office staff a certain respite as
Graham Lees conceived this project while he was at MJA disappeared behind his computer screen. In
Academic Press, and his joyous encouragement and Cleveland, the computer literacy of Vicki Fields,
supportallowedtheconcepttoevolve.Thereafter,Dr. RBD’s secretary, compensated forhis Luddite predis-
Jasna Markovac assumed oversight at Academic position.Finally,wemustrecordourindebtednessto
Press (now part of Elsevier Science), providing our wives and families, whose patience, forbearance,
excellent advice and unfailing assistance at all stages andsupportenabledustocompletethisundertaking.
of the endeavor. Karen Dempsey of Academic Press
displayed great patience, good humor, and efficiency
inbringingtheencyclopediatofruition.Sheattended Michael J. Aminoff
painstakingly to a seemingly endless number of SanFrancisco,California
administrative details, and coordinated all commu-
nications between us, the contributors, associate Robert B. Daroff
editors, and publisher. She not only ensured that Cleveland,Ohio
Plate 1
BielschowskysilverstainingrevealsatypicalAlzheimer’splaque(leftofcenter).Severalneurofibrillarytanglesarealsopresent.SeeentryALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE.
Plate 2
Magnifiedviewofaneurofibrillarytangle(Bielschowskystain).SeeentryALZHEIMER’SDISEASE.
Plate 3
Functionalanatomyoftheattentionalnetworks.Thepulvinar,superiorcolliculus,superiorparietallobe,andfrontaleyefieldsareoftenfoundactiveinstudies
oftheorientingnetwork.Theanteriorcingulategyrusisanimportantpartoftheexecutivenetwork.Rightfrontalandparietalareasareactivewhenpeople
maintainthealertstate.SeeentryATTENTIONALMECHANISMS.
Plate 4
Schematicdiagramofthesympatheticdivisionoftheperipheralautonomicnervoussystem.SeeentryAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEM,OVERVIEW.
Plate 5
ExampleofafrequencyanalysisEEGbrainmap.ThescalpdistributionoftheslowdeltabandEEGbrainwaves(inthe0.1-to4.0-Hzfrequencyrange).
Abnormallyincreaseddeltaactivityisshowninyellowandred.Blueandgreenrepresentareaswithoutmuchdeltaactivity.Thebrainmapshowsthatthedelta
ismaximalintheleftposteriortemporalregionofthebrain.SeeentryBRAINMAPPINGANDQUANTITATIVEEEG.
Plate 6
Theextrinsicandintrinsicpathwaystoapoptosis.SeeentryCELLDEATH.
