Encyclopedia of the Arctic, Volume 1 AF

740 Pages·2005·12.09 MB·English

by  Mark Nuttall (edt)

ENCYCLOPEDIA
ARCTIC
OF THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA
ARCTIC
OF THE
Volume 1
A–F
Mark Nuttall,
Editor
ROUTLEDGE
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Published in 2005 Cover Photos
Volume 1:Inuit hunters in kayaks return to shore towing a
Routledge
narwhal they have harpooned, Qaanaaq, Northwest
270 Madison Avenue
Greenland. Copyright Bryan and Cherry Alexander
New York,NY 10016
Photography
www.routledge-ny.com
Volume 2: Polar bear mother and cubs on new sea ice,
Published in Great Britain by
Cape Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Copyright Bryan and
Routledge
Cherry AlexanderPhotography
2 Park Square
Milton Park,Abingdon, Volume 3:Northern lights,aurora borealis,over a Nenets
Oxon OX14 4RN U.K. reindeer herders camp,Yamal Peninsula,Western Siberia,
www.routledge.co.uk Russia.Copyright Bryan and Cherry AlexanderPhotography
Copyright © 2005 by Routledge.
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
This edition published in the
Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this
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All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reprinted or
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of the Arctic / Mark Nuttall,editor.
P.cm.
ISBN 1-57958-436-5 (set:alk.paper) -- ISBN 1-57958-437-3 (volume 1 :alk.paper) -- ISBN 1-57958-
438-1 (volume 2 :alk.paper) -- ISBN 1-57958-439-X (volume 3 :alk.paper) 1.Arctic regions --
Encyclopedias.I.Title:Arctic.II.Nuttall,Mark.
G606.E49 2005
909’.0913’03--dc22 2004016694
ISBN 0-203-99785-9 Master e-book ISBN
BOARD OF ADVISERS
Dr. David G. Anderson Mads Fægteborg
Department of Anthropology Arctic Information
University of Aberdeen Copenhagen
Scotland Denmark
Lawson Brigham Prof. Peter Johnson
Deputy Director,US Arctic Research Commission Department of Geography
Arlington,Virginia University of Ottawa
Ontario,Canada
Prof. Terry V. Callaghan
Director,Abisko Scientific station Dr. Igor Krupnik
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Arctic Studies Center
Abisko,Sweden National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Dr. Torben R. Christensen Washington DC
Department of Plant Ecology
Lund University Dr. Molly Lee
Sweden University of Alaska Museum
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Dr. Liz Cruwys
Scott Polar Research Institute Dr. Hanne Petersen
University of Cambridge Director,Danish Polar Center
England Copenhagen,Denmark
Prof. Louis-Jacques Dorais Dr. Beau Riffenburgh
Department of Anthropology Scott Polar Research Institute
Laval University University of Cambridge
Quebec,Canada England
Prof. Julian Dowdeswell Dr. David Scrivener
Director,Scott Polar Research Institute Department of International Relations
University of Cambridge University of Keele
England Keele,England
Dr. Niels Einarsson Dr. Frank Sejersen
Director Department of Eskimology
Stefansson Arctic Institute University of Copenhagen
Akureyri,Iceland Denmark
Prof. Sergei Sutyrin Karla Jessen Williamson
Department of World Economy Executive Director
St. Petersburg University Arctic Institute of North America
Russia University of Calgary
Alberta
Prof. Peter Wadhams Canada
Department of Applied Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics Prof. Robert G. Williamson
University of Cambridge Arctic Institute of North America
England University of Calgary
Alberta
Prof. Gunter Weller Canada
Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Contents
Entries A-Z ix
Thematic List of Entries xxiii
Foreword xxxvii
Preface xxxix
Map of Arctic Populations xliii
Map of Arctic Indigenous Peoples xliv
Entries A-Z 1–2226
List of Contributors 2227
Index 2247

Entries A-Z
Volume 1 Aleutian Range
Aleutian Tradition
A Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association
Aasiaat Alootook Ipellie
Aasivik Alpha Ridge
Aboriginal Identities Alphabets and Writing,North America and Greenland
Adamson,Shirley Alphabets and Writing,Russia
Adaptation Alphabets and Writing,Scandinavia and Iceland
Adoption Alta/Kautokeino Demonstrations
Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears Alutiit
Ainana,Lyudmila Amagoalik,John
Ainu Amedeo,Luigi,Duke of Abruzzi
Air Routes American Paleo-Arctic Tradition
Akureyri Amphibians
Alaska Amund Ringnes Island
Alaska Beluga Whale Committee Amundsen Basin
Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) Amundsen,Roald
Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) Anadyr
Alaska Highway Anadyr River
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Anchorage
(ANILCA) Andrée,Salomon August
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) Animal-rights movements and renewable resources
Alaska Native Language Center Animals in the worldviews of indigenous peoples
Alaska Native Review Commission Anzhu,Petr Fedorovich
Alaska Native Science Commission Archaeology of the Arctic:Alaska and Beringia
Alaska Peninsula Archaeology of the Arctic:Canada and Greenland
Alaska Range Archaeology of the Arctic:Scandinavian Settlement of
Alaska Treaty (Convention for the Cession of the Russian the North Atlantic
Possessions in North America to the United States) Archbishop Innocent (Ivan Veniaminov)
Albedo Arctic Athabaskan Council
Alert Arctic Char
Aleut Arctic Circle
Aleut Corporation Arctic Council
Aleut International Association Arctic:Definitions and Boundaries
Aleutian Islands Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
ix